In recent decades, the reclamation of tidal flat carried out by the authorities around the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea (BYECS) has reached new heights as a consequence of significant ...economic expansion in the coastal areas. We are concerned that the tidal flat reclamation may have not only local but also far-field effects on tidal dynamics in the entire BYECS. Numerical study shows different tidal patterns due to tidal energy redistribution when tidal flats around the BYECS are removed, in which the tidal range and phase are changed, and the amphidromic points are displaced. Tidal flats provide storage and dissipation for tidal energy; the former is much more significant than the latter. Loss of these functions caused by tidal flat reclamation will induce a redistribution of the extra tidal energy. Furthermore, we show that far-field effects on tidal dynamics would be observed on the west coast of Korea following significant reclamation on the Chinese Jiangsu coast. In turn, reclamation on the west coast of Korea may generate the far-field effects on the Chinese coast. Reclamation in the BYECS can result in rise of tidal amplitude and onshore sediment transport. The former may enhance the coastal hazards such as storm surge, and the latter may result in severe siltation. Therefore, careful consideration must always be given to any proposed artificial changes to tidal flat, given the effects of these on both the local environment and further afield.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In rotary ultrasonic grinding (RUG), a rotating transformer can be used to replace the established slip ring technology and provide a contactless power supply to the revolving transducer. Such ...contactless energy transfer (CET) is safe, and high rotation speeds are possible. Compared with a closely coupled transformer, the transfer efficiency of the rotating transformer is lower. Compensation of the windings is necessary to improve efficiency. In addition, the cutting force in RUG is not constant; this will influence the power transfer performance, which in turn affects the vibration amplitude of the tool. In this paper, by considering the distinct capacitive and mechanical behavior of the transducer and the equivalent series resistances (ESRs) of the compensation elements, mathematical models are developed to identify the transfer efficiency and the output power of the rotating transformer. A general mathematical compensation model is developed for maximum transfer efficiency. The effects of the cutting force on the transfer efficiency, the output power, and the power factor are also researched. The experimental results basically agree with the calculated results. A CET system that can produce high efficiency, a high power factor and adaptive output power that adapts to the variations of cutting force in the RUG is therefore possible.
Toll-like receptor (TLR)4-mediated signaling has been implicated in tumor cell invasion, survival, and metastasis in a variety of cancers. This study investigated the expression and biological role ...of TLR4 in human breast cancer metastasis. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 are human breast cancer cell lines with low and high metastatic potential, respectively. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein increased compared with that in control cells. TLR4 activation notably up-regulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) mRNA and their secretion in the supernatants of both cell lines. LPS enhanced invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells by transwell assay and MCF-7 cells by wound healing assay. LPS triggered increased expression of TLR4 downstream signaling pathway protein myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88) and resulted in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 higher production by human breast cancer cells. Stimulation of TLR4 with LPS promoted tumorigenesis and formed metastatic lesions in liver of nude mice. Moreover, expression of TLR4 and MyD88 as well as invasiveness and migration of the cells could be blocked by TLR4 antagonist. Combined with clinicopathological parameters, TLR4 was overexpressed in human breast cancer tissue and correlated with lymph node metastasis. These findings indicated that TLR4 may participate in the progression and metastasis of human breast cancer and provide a new therapeutic target.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Plant diseases cause substantial loss to crops all over the world, reducing the quality and quantity of agricultural goods significantly. One of the world’s most damaging plant diseases, rice blast ...poses a substantial threat to global food security. Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, which challenges world food security by causing substantial damage in rice production annually. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved breakdown and recycling system in eukaryotes that regulate homeostasis, stress adaption, and programmed cell death. Recently, new studies found that the autophagy process plays a vital role in the pathogenicity of M. oryzae and the regulation mechanisms are gradually clarified. Here we present a brief summary of the recent advances, concentrating on the new findings of autophagy regulation mechanisms and summarize some autophagy-related techniques in rice blast fungus. This review will help readers to better understand the relationship between autophagy and the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a cancer comprised of morphologically, genetically, and phenotypically diverse cells. However, an understanding of the functional significance of intratumoral heterogeneity is ...lacking. We devised a method to isolate and functionally profile tumorigenic clones from patient glioblastoma samples. Individual clones demonstrated unique proliferation and differentiation abilities. Importantly, naüïve patient tumors included clones that were temozolomide resistant, indicating that resistance to conventional GBM therapy can preexist in untreated tumors at a clonal level. Further, candidate therapies for resistant clones were detected with clone-specific drug screening. Genomic analyses revealed genes and pathways that associate with specific functional behavior of single clones. Our results suggest that functional clonal profiling used to identify tumorigenic and drug-resistant tumor clones will lead to the discovery of new GBM clone-specific treatment strategies.
Significance Glioblastoma is an incurable brain tumor. It is characterized by intratumoral phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, but the functional significance of this heterogeneity is unclear. We devised an integrated functional and genomic strategy to obtain single cell-derived tumor clones directly from patient tumors to identify mechanisms of aggressive clone behavior and drug resistance. Genomic analysis of single clones identified genes associated with clonal phenotypes. We predict that integration of functional and genomic analysis at a clonal level will be essential for understanding evolution and therapeutic resistance of human cancer, and will lead to the discovery of novel driver mechanisms and clone-specific cancer treatment.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Glioblastomas (GBM) grow in a rich neurochemical milieu, but the impact of neurochemicals on GBM growth is largely unexplored. We interrogated 680 neurochemical compounds in patient-derived GBM ...neural stem cells (GNS) to determine the effects on proliferation and survival. Compounds that modulate dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic signaling pathways selectively affected GNS growth. In particular, dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) antagonists selectively inhibited GNS growth and promoted differentiation of normal neural stem cells. DRD4 antagonists inhibited the downstream effectors PDGFRβ, ERK1/2, and mTOR and disrupted the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, leading to accumulation of autophagic vacuoles followed by G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. These results demonstrate a role for neurochemical pathways in governing GBM stem cell proliferation and suggest therapeutic approaches for GBM.
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•Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic pathways affect GNS survival•GBM tumors and patient-derived GNS express functional DRD4 receptor•DRD4 antagonism selectively targets GNS growth in vitro and in vivo•GNS are vulnerable to DRD4-mediated disruption of autophagy-lysosomal pathway
Dolma et al. show that compounds that modulate dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic signaling pathways selectively affected glioblastoma neural stem cells (GNS). In particular, dopamine receptor D4 antagonists disrupt the autophagy-lysosomal pathway of GNS, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Triticum pathotype (MoT) of Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) causes wheat blast, which has recently spread to Asia. To assess the potential risk of wheat blast in rice-wheat growing ...regions, we investigated the pathogenicity of 14 isolates of P. oryzae on 32 wheat cultivars, among which MoO isolates were completely avirulent on the wheat cultivars at 22℃, but caused various infection degrees at 25℃. These reactions at 25℃ were isolate- and cultivar- dependent like race-cultivar specificity which was also recognized at the heading stage and caused typical blast symptoms on spikes. Microscopic analyses indicated that a compatible MoO isolates produced appressoria and infection hyphae on wheat as on rice. By comparing transcriptomes in wheat-MoO interactions, a bulk of pathogen-related genes was up-/down- regulated in compatible and incompatible patterns, but that changes of gene transcription were more significant in compatible pattern. These results indicate that the temperature could influence the infection ratio of wheat with MoO, and some MoO strains could be potential pathogens that increase the risk for the outbreak of wheat blast in wheat-rice growing regions with global warming. In addition, certain wheat cultivars exhibited resistance and are assumed to carry promoting resistant genes to the MoO strains.
An innovative concentric rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) device based on local induction is proposed. The device is used as a machine tool accessory that can add the RUM to any machining center. ...Rather than using a complete ring, a portion of a ring is used as the primary core in the proposed rotary transformer, which eliminates spindle speed limits. The simplified configuration provides increased safety and is convenient for material processing applications. Additionally, a circuit compensation method based on coil turns is proposed. It takes the whole circuit, reliability of electronic components, transmission efficiency, and output power into consideration. We use this method to choose the optimal number of coil turns and compensation elements required to achieve increased and safe power transmission performance. This paper also demonstrates the performance of the device through experimentation. Finally, practicability is discussed.
The administration of cisplatin is limited due to its nephrotoxic side effects, and prevention of this nephrotoxicity of cisplatin is difficult. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been ...implicated as a novel therapeutic approach for tissue injury. In this study, we demonstrated that the pretreatment of human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes (hucMSC-Ex) can prevent the development of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity by activation of autophagy in vitro and in vivo.
In vitro, rat renal tubular epithelial (NRK-52E) cells were pre-incubated with exosomes from hucMSC or HFL1 (human lung fibroblast cells; as control) for 30 min, and 3-methyladenine (an autophagic inhibitor) and rapamycin (an autophagic inducer) for 1 h before cisplatin treatment for 8 h, respectively. Cells were harvested for apoptosis assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In vivo, we constructed cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury rat models. Prior to treatment with cisplatin for 0.5 h, hucMSC-Ex or HFL1-Ex were injected into the kidneys via the renal capsule. 3-methyladenine and rapamycin were injected under the kidney capsule before hucMSC-Ex. All animals were sacrificed at 3 days after cisplatin injection. Renal function, Luminex assay, tubular apoptosis and proliferation, and autophagy response were evaluated.
hucMSC-Ex inhibited cisplatin-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. hucMSC-Ex increased the expression of the autophagic marker protein LC3B and the autophagy-related genes ATG5 and ATG7 in NRK-52E cells. Rapamycin mimicked the effects of hucMSC-Ex in protecting against cisplatin-induced renal injury, while the effects were abrogated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine in the animals.
Our findings indicate that the activation of autophagy induced by hucMSC-Ex can effectively relieve the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. Therefore, pre-treatment of hucMSC-Ex may be a new method to improve the therapeutic effect of cisplatin.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
A frontal detection algorithm is developed with the capability of detecting significant frontal segments of sea surface temperature (SST) in the high-resolution South China Sea Operational ...Forecasting System (SCSOFS). To effectively obtain frontal information, a gradient-based Canny edge detection algorithm is improved with postprocessing designed for high-resolution numerical models, aiming at extracting primary ocean fronts while ensuring the balance of frontal continuity and positioning accuracy. Metrics of frontal probability and strength are used to measure the robustness of the results in terms of mean state and seasonal variability of frontal activities in the South China Sea (SCS). Most fronts are found in the nearshore and form a strip shape extending from the Taiwan Strait to the coast of Vietnam. The SCSOFS is found to reproduce strong seasonal signals dominating the variability of the frontal strength and occurrence probability in the SCS. We implement the algorithm on the daily averaged SST derived from two other SST analyses for intercomparison in the SCS.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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