Recent epidemiological surveillance studies have reported an increase in fungaemia caused by non-Candida albicans species, as well as a decrease in fluconazole susceptibility.
To evaluate changes in ...the epidemiology of fungaemia in Spain comparing data from a new surveillance epidemiological study conducted in 2009 with a previous study carried out from 1997 to 1999 (Pemán J, et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005).
From January 2009 to February 2010, 44 Spanish hospitals participated in a prospective multicentre fungaemia surveillance study to ascertain whether there have been changes in the epidemiology and fluconazole susceptibility. Susceptibility was determined by the colorimetric method Sensititre Yeast One. Demographic and clinical data and the first isolate of each episode were gathered.
A total of 1,377 isolates from 1,357 fungaemia episodes were collected, 46.7% from patients older than 64years and 8.6% from children less than 1 year old. C. albicans (44.7%), Candida parapsilosis (29.1%), Candida glabrata (11.5%), Candida tropicalis (8.2%), and Candida krusei (1.9%) were the most frequent species isolated. Distribution varied with the geographical area. C. albicans incidence has increased significantly in the last 10years in Cataluña (39.1 vs. 54.7%, P=0.03) and decreased in the Valencian Community (49.1 vs. 34.6%, P=0.002) and Extremadura (58.3 vs. 20%, P=0.01). Susceptibility to fluconazole was similar for all geographical areas, although resistance in C. albicans was ten times greater for patients aged more than 64years. The overall rate of fluconazole resistance (MIC > 32 mg/L) has decreased with respect to that obtained 10years ago (3.7 vs. 2.5%) mainly in C. albicans (3 vs. 1.6%).
In the last ten years, species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility have not significantly changed, although a lower rate of fluconazole resistance has been observed. Species distribution varies with hospital, hospitalization Unit and geographical area.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of voriconazole were evaluated against 114 isolates of
Candida spp. MICs were determined using the NCCLS M27-A2 broth microdilution method. Minimum ...fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were defined as the lowest drug concentrations that yielded ≤5 colonies (≥98% killing activity). The fungicidal activity could be only evaluated against 45.6% of the isolates (52 of 114 isolates) because trailing growth occurred, and 30 of these 52 isolates (57.69%) showed MFC values ≤1
mg/l. There was little or no fungicidal activity against
C. albicans and
C. tropicalis. In contrast, all
C. krusei were killed by 1–2
mg/l voriconazole. In conclusion, our data show that the fungicidal effect of voriconazole against
Candida spp. is species dependent.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
There are few epidemiological studies on candidaemia in the paediatric population in Spain. We sought to determine the epidemiology of candidaemia in these patients.
Prospective, observational and ...multicentre study in 44 Spanish hospitals. All candidaemia episodes in paediatric patients from 0 to 15 years old between January 2009 and February 2010 were studied.
There were 197 episodes and 200 species were isolated. The most frequent species was Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (43%), followed by C. albicans (36%), C. tropicalis (6%), C. orthopsilosis, and C. glabrata (4%) respectively. C. albicans was the most prevalent in newborns, and C. parapsilosis was most frequent in the other age groups. As regards the regions of Spain, C. albicans was most prevalent in patients from Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and C. parapsilosis in patients from Andalusia, Castilla-León, Galicia, Valencia, and Madrid. The rate of resistance to fluconazole was 1.5% (4.1% with the new species-specific Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI criteria). Fluconazole resistance was lower in neonates than the other age groups. The Neonatal Wards were the areas with most episodes (31.5%). In the multivariate analysis, the variables associated independently with candidaemia due to C. albicans were: catheter (OR: 5.967; 95% CI: 1.614-22.057; P=.007) and prematurity (OR: 2.229; 95% CI: 1.141- 4.631; P=.020).
The epidemiology of paediatric candidaemia varies between Spanish regions, but, globally, C. parapsilosis and C. albicans, are respectively, the first and second most frequently isolated species, and they show resistance rates to fluconazole of less than 5%.
Resumen Introducción Existen pocos estudios epidemiológicos sobre candidemia en población pediátrica en España. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la epidemiología de candidemia en estos pacientes. Métodos ...Estudio prospectivo, observacional, multicéntrico en 44 hospitales españoles sobre episodios de candidemia en población pediátrica desde 0 a 15 años de edad ocurridos entre enero de 2009 y febrero de 2010. Resultados Se estudiaron 197 episodios con 200 aislamientos de levaduras. La especie más frecuentemente aislada fue Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (43%) seguida de C. albicans (36%), C. tropicalis (6%), C. orthopsilosis y C. glabrata (4% cada una). C. albicans predominó en neonatos, mientras que C. parapsilosis predominó en el resto de las edades. Por comunidades autónomas, en Baleares, Cataluña y Canarias se aisló más frecuentemente C. albicans , y en Andalucía, Castilla y León, Galicia, Madrid y Valencia fue más prevalente C. parapsilosis . El porcentaje de cepas resistentes al fluconazol fue del 1,5% (4,1% con los nuevos criterios especie específicos del CLSI). La resistencia al fluconazol fue menor en neonatos que en el resto de los grupos. Neonatología fue el área donde más frecuentemente se detectaron estos episodios (31,5%). La presencia de catéter y la prematuridad se asociaron, de manera independiente, con candidemia por C. albicans con un riesgo casi 6 y 2 veces mayor, respectivamente, en el análisis multivariante. Conclusiones La epidemiología de candidemia pediátrica varía entre las comunidades autónomas, pero globalmente C. parapsilosis y C. albicans son por este orden las especies más frecuentes y muestran unas tasas de resistencia al fluconazol inferiores al 5%.
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