Propolis is a resinous material rich in flavonoids and involved in several biological activities such as antimicrobial, fungicide, and antiparasitic functions. Conventionally, ethanolic solutions are ...used to obtain propolis phytochemicals, which restrict their use in some cultures. Given this, we developed an alcohol-free high-performance extractive approach to recover antibacterial and antioxidants phytochemicals from red propolis. Thus, aqueous-solutions of ionic liquids (IL) and eutectic solvents were used and then tested for their total flavonoids, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The surface-responsive technique was applied regarding some variables, namely, the time of extraction, the number of extractions, and cavitation power (W), to optimize the process (in terms of higher yields of flavonoids and better antioxidant activity). After that, four extractions with the same biomass (repetitions) using 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride C
mimCl, under the operational conditions fixed at 3.3 min and 300 W, were able to recover 394.39 ± 36.30 mg RuE. g
of total flavonoids, with total antioxidant capacity evaluated up to 7595.77 ± 5.48 μmol TE. g
, besides inhibiting the growth of
and
bacteria (inhibition halo of 23.0 ± 1.0 and 15.7 ± 2.1, respectively). Aiming at the development of new technologies, the antimicrobial effect also presented by C
mimCl may be appealing, and future studies are required to understand possible synergistic actions with propolis phytochemicals. Thereby, we successfully applied a completely alcohol-free method to obtain antimicrobials phytochemicals and highly antioxidants from red propolis, representing an optimized process to replace the conventional extracts produced until now.
•Apple by-products are a source of phenolic compounds associated with bioactivities.•Apple processing industries generate by-products that could be better used.•This work provides an up-to-date ...literature overview on extraction techniques.•Gaps and future trends related to apple by-products are critically presented.
Apple is one of the most consumed fruits worldwide and has recognized nutritional properties. Besides being consumed fresh, it is the raw material for several food products, whose production chain generates a considerable amount of by-products that currently have an underestimated use. These by-products are a rich source of chemical compounds with several potential applications. Therefore, new ambitious platforms focused on reusing are needed, targeting a process chain that achieves well-defined products and mitigates waste generation. This review covers an essential part of the apple by-products reuse chain. The apple composition regarding phenolic compounds subclasses is addressed and related to biological activities. The extraction processes to recover apple biocompounds have been revised, and an up-to-date overview of the scientific literature on conventional and emerging extraction techniques adopted over the past decade is reported. Finally, gaps and future trends related to the management of apple by-products are critically presented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A comprehensive UPLC-PDA/UPLC-HRMS method was developed for citrus peels.•In this study, 24 phenolic compounds and 5 limonoids in lime, lemon, and rangpur lime samples were identified.•The method is ...short compared to others recently published.
In this work, a method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) was developed to comprehensively analyze phenolic compounds in peels of lime (Citrus × latifolia), lemon (Citrus limon), and rangpur lime (Citrus × limonia). The reverse-phase separation was achieved with a C18 fused-core column packed with the smallest particles commercially available (1.3 um). The method was successfully coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), allowing the detection of 24 phenolic compounds and five limonoids in several other citrus peels species: key lime, orange and sweet orange, tangerine, and tangerine ponkan, proving the suitability for comprehensive analysis in citrus peel matrices. Additionally, the developed method was validated according to the Food and drug administration (FDA) and National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology (INMETRO) criteria, demonstrating specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision according to these guidelines. System suitability parameters such as resolution, tailoring, plate count were also verified.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Carotenoid’s supplementation can control weight gain even in the HFD model.•Carotenoids extracted with ionic liquids displayed antioxidant activity on the kidney.•Carotenoids extracted with ionic ...liquids display an anti-inflammatory effect.•Carotenoids extracted with acetone increase pro-inflammatory cytokines on the kidney.•Carotenoids extracted with acetone display oxidative stress on the kidney.
Sustainable extraction processes based on alternative solvents to recover bioactive compounds of different raw materials have been highlighted as excellent alternatives to supply the needs of society towards a bioeconomy strategy. Little is known about the safety and biological effect of compounds extracted by these processes. In this work, carotenoids from Bactris gasipaes wastes obtained by an IL-based process were investigated in terms of safety, anti-inflammatory and, antioxidant activity in a high-fat-diet animal model on the kidney. Wistar rats were supplemented or not by carotenoids extracted with IL or VOS. The animals supplemented with carotenoids had lower weight than control and high-fat diets. In the animals supplemented with carotenoids, the group IL improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity compared with carotenoids obtained by VOS. Also, the group HFD-VOS showed moderate-severe injuries on the kidney. Then, ILs could represent a novel tool for natural pigments safely applied to food industry.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•NADES and ILs are promising alternatives for the extraction of bioactive compounds.•The use of NADES or ILs preserves the biological activity of extracts.•NADES can improve the ...antioxidant activity and biological effects of bioactive compound extracts.•Extracts obtained with NADES and ILs can exhibit toxicity.
The search for alternative methods for the extraction of bioactive compounds that are environmentally friendly and safe for human health is emerging. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and ionic liquids have been shown to be more efficient than the conventional organic solvents, leading to higher yields of bioactive compounds. However, more important than increasing yields, it is fundamental that the generated extracts preserve their biological effects and are not toxic to humans to represent possible and safe alternatives for food and pharmaceutical applications. Thus, this review aimed to evaluate the most recent works regarding the advantages of using alternative solvents over using conventional solvents by considering the biological effects of the extracts, including antioxidant activity, bioavailability and toxicity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The assessment of efficient and sustainable methods for extracting high-value compounds from natural products aligns with some of the statements proposed by the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry and ...17 Sustainable Development Goals. Replacing hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives, such as Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), offers a promising and environmentally friendly approach. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the composition of NADES, associated extraction techniques, and advancements in their use as an extraction media for bioactive compounds from their first report in 2013 until 2023. Moreover, an in-depth discussion of the terminology of NADES is presented and an updated and new term is suggested for specific combinations: Mixtures based on Natural Compounds (MINACs). Finally, prospective applications of such solvents are provided, complemented by insights into emerging trends and their potential to produce ready-to-use extracts.
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•NADES have emerged as green alternatives to conventional solvents.•Modern techniques, especially UAE, are employed with NADES.•A new term is proposed: Mixtures based on Natural Compounds (MINACs).•Ready-to-use extracts show high potential for the cosmetic and food industries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study aimed to design a sequential biorefinery from wine-making by-products for the obtaining value-added products, focusing on extracting natural pigments and the evaluation of bioenergy ...produced by remaining biomass from Carménère Grape Residues (CGR) through slow pyrolysis. To achieve these goals, solid-liquid extraction of pigments from CGR was performed using a reusable bio-based solvent. Concurrently, these pigments' antioxidant activity and toxicity were evaluated in embryo cells, exploring their potential applications in the cosmetic industry. Secondly, it focused on applying the residual colorless biomass derived from the initial extraction process. This involved the evaluation of kinetic triplet: apparent activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction model. From these parameters, the thermodynamic properties (∆H, ∆G, and ∆S) were estimated. The results from the first step revealed the recovery of 18.21 mg/gCGR of total anthocyanin that exhibited robust antioxidant capabilities and compatibility with biological systems, indicating potential applications in the cosmetic industry. The pyrolysis of residual colorless biomass revealed a complex chemical structure with multiple stages of decomposition. The kinetic parameters, including activation energy and pre-exponential factor, indicated better energy yield than other biomass, highlighting the potential for bioenergy production. The difference between activation energy and standard enthalpy of the reaction was less than 5.72 kJ/mol, indicating a favorable exothermic reaction and the feasibility of the energetic process. This study provides insights into the dual benefits of utilizing CGR for pigments recovering and bioenergy, contributing to sustainable practices towards a circular economy model.
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•CGR pigments extracted for cosmetic industry showed potent antioxidant properties.•Safety assessment using HET-CAM assay showed no skin irritation potential.•Pyrolysis of residual biomass from extraction process revealed complex decomposition stages.•Kinetic studies indicated multistage reaction with varying activation energy values.•Thermodynamic parameters estimated for bioenergy production feasibility.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Highlighting a new green extraction platform for the valorization of grape pomace;•Investigating the techno-economic analysis of a eutectic solvent extraction approach;•Exploring the ...potential of alternative extraction processes based on DES in the industrial sector;•Discussing process design integration for DES recycling.
A techno-economic analysis of a novel eutectic solvent-based platform useful to recover anthocyanins from grape pomace was performed. The study addressed the economic impact of conventional drying methods and explored the economic implications of purification strategies to separate the extract from the eutectic solvent. This was exemplified by employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18-based adsorbent material. An alternative low-energy demanding approach using SiO2 particles was also assessed for profitability as a freeze-drying replacement strategy. The results highlighted challenges in the economic feasibility of eutectic solvent reusability when conventional SPE is applied, highlighting the need to obtain new and inexpensive bio-based adsorbents. Moreover, it was uncovered that the SiO2-based drying strategy presents itself as a financially viable alternative, effectively addressing the elevated energy requirements associated with conventional drying methods. The findings highlight the potential of alternative solvents-based processes, particularly towards challenges related to the circularity of raw materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Vitamin A (VA) and its pro-vitamin carotenoids are naturally occurring lipophilic compounds involved in several cellular processes and metabolic pathways. Despite their broad spectrum of activities ...in the general population, dietary deficiencies of these compounds can potentially affect pregnancy outcomes. Since maternal nutritional status and diet composition during pregnancy and lactation can have long-lasting effects in offspring until adulthood, this study presents an overview of VA and the role of pro-VA carotenoids during pregnancy and lactation - the nutrition, metabolism, and biological effects in the offspring. The review aimed to discuss the pro-VA carotenoids and VA-associated pathways and summarize the results with reference to gestational disorders, and VA and pro-VA carotenoids as preventive agents. Also, considering that obesity, overweight, and metabolic diseases are major public health concerns worldwide, fetal and neonatal development is discussed, highlighting the physiological role of these molecules in obesity prevention. This review comprehensively summarizes the current data and shows the potential impact of these compounds on nutritional status in pregnancy and lactation.
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•A new UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS method to assess quality control from propolis.•Adulteration in Brazilian commercial propolis samples.•The dangerous situation regarding the commercialization ...of propolis extracts.•35% of propolis extracts have not met the minimum criteria for commercialization.
Propolis is a rich source of known and largely explored bioactive compounds with many pharmacological properties. It is used in several commercialized products, such as propolis-enriched honey, candies, mouth and throat sprays, soaps, toothpaste, and skin creams. However, the great diversity of propolis products and different types make the standardization of realistic quality control procedures challenging. Moreover, the extraction of propolis bioactive compounds depends on the technique and the solvent used. In Brazil, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply (MAPA) set standards to establish commercialized propolis extracts' identity and quality. In addition, according to legislation, propolis extracts must present the main classes of phenols at 200 and 400 nm on the UV spectrum. Still, it is not specified which analysis method should be used to guarantee feasible quality control of the commercialized samples. For this, we proposed a new fast UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS method for analysis and quantification of propolis phenolic compounds. Moreover, we hypothesize that there is no efficient monitoring regarding the quality of the propolis extracts sold in Brazilian stores. Therefore, the present study aimed to perform quality control of 17 Brazilian propolis extracts produced in the Southeast region (green or brown – the most representative samples). The dry extract content (% g/mL), oxidation index (seconds), total flavonoids, and phenolics (% m/m) of each sample were compared with legislation. We conclude that using the UHPLC-PDA method and the investigation that allowed the comparison with the current legislation efficiently practical problems in the commercialization of propolis extracts. However, of the 17 analyzed samples, 6 did not meet the desired the recognized standards, denoting a lack of supervision and efficient quality control, which highlights a dangerous situation regarding the commercialization of this critical product used in several industrial fields, mainly in the food and pharmaceutical sector.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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