This review will discuss, under the Circular Economy and Biorefinery concepts, the performance of the alternative solvents in the downstream process to recover natural pigments in a more sustainable ...way. Conventionally, pigments marketed on an industrial scale are produced through chemical synthesis by using petroleum derivatives as the main raw material. Also, the current production chain of the synthetic dyes is linear, with no solvent recycling and waste generation. Thus, the most promising processes of extraction and purification of natural pigments and strategies on the polishing of the solvents are here reviewed. In this review, the use of alternative solvents, namely, ionic liquids, eutectic solvents, aqueous solutions of surfactants, and edible oils, for recovering natural pigments was reviewed. Works discussing higher extraction yields and selectivity, while maintaining the stability of the target pigments, were reported. Also, a panorama between Sustainability and Circular Economy prospection was discussed for better comprehension of the main advances in the field. Behind the analysis of the works published so far on the theme, the most important lacunas to overcome in the next years on the field were pointed out and discussed. Also, the future trends and new perspectives to achieve the economic viability and sustainability of the processes using alternative solvents will be scrutinized.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The comprehensive analysis of phenolic compounds from natural products comprises critical steps, including quantitative extraction, extract preparation, and chromatographic procedure. Performing ...these steps off-line requires a long time to obtain results, besides being laborious and more error-prone. This work discusses the concept and presents the details of assembling and validating a new system to comprehensively analyze phenolic compounds in natural products. The system is based on a bidimensional separation through the combination of pressurized liquid extraction with in-line solid-phase extraction coupled online with HPLC-PDA. The system proved to be able to perform a bidimensional separation to characterize the sample and ensure quantitative extraction of all detected components using the most appropriate extraction solvent gradient depending on the raw sample analyzed. The 1st dimension separation is achieved by PLE-SPE with a solvent gradient and differential interactions of extracted compounds with the adsorbent. The 2nd dimension presents the HPLC-PDA separation. The extraction/separation process can be monitored in real-time, and kinetic extraction curves for individual compounds can also be obtained to ensure quantitative extraction. Thus, the 2D PLE-SPE × HPLC-PDA may provide fast and precise comprehensive analyses of a large plethora of phenolic compounds, finding relevant applications in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural fields.
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•An automated system to integrate sample preparation and chemical analysis is proposed.•The system provides comprehensive analysis of phenolic compounds with real-time monitoring.•2D PLE-SPExHPLC-PDA consists of two modules designed to perform bidimensional separations.•Bidimensional chromatograms are achieved by PLE-SPE followed by HPLC-PDA.•Extract fractions concentrated in target compounds are obtained and chemically characterized.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•PLE-SPE is efficient to extract and concentrate phenolic compounds from lemon peel.•Concentrated extract fractions were achieved by in-line coupling PLE to SPE.•Adsorbent plays an ...important role in the compounds’ separation provided by SPE.•Temperature in PLE and SPE impacts extraction yield and compounds’ separation.•PLE-SPE presented higher flavonoids and hesperidin yields than other techniques.
This work aimed to develop an integrated method to extract and fractionate phenolic compounds from lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel by in-line coupling pressurized liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (PLE-SPE). The effect of the adsorbent used in the SPE (Sepra™ C18-E, Sepra™ NH2, and PoraPak Rxn), the combination of organic extraction-elution solvents (water-ethanol and water-ethyl lactate), extraction temperature (40–80 °C), and extraction water pH (4.0, 6.0, and 7.0) were the investigated variables. The highest yield and separation degree were observed using Sepra™ C18-E and the water-ethanol combination as the extraction solvent-eluent. Higher temperatures led to higher yields but negatively affected the retention of less polar compounds, hesperidin, and narirutin during the extraction step. The lower pH improved the yield of most evaluated compounds; however, it did not improve the adsorbent retention at high temperatures. Thus, the developed PLE-SPE method resulted in higher extraction yields from lemon peel, especially total less polar compounds (20.2100 ± 0,0050 mg/g) and hesperidin (12.8120 ± 0.0006 mg/g) and allowed the separation of polar compounds and less polar compounds in distinct extract fractions. Besides, PLE-SPE resulted in higher yields compared to other extraction methods. The integrated approach allowed obtaining extract fractions with different chemical composition through an environmentally friendly procedure. The research outcomes may be helpful for natural products chemistry, and industrial processes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Native carotenoids extract obtained with ionic liquid was evaluated.•Bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of chlorophylls from orange peel were analyzed.•Bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of ...carotenoids esters were determined.•Xanthophylls and carotenes presented higher bioaccessibility than carotenoid esters.•Uptakes by Caco-2 cells of xanthophylls and esters were higher than of carotenes.
Native extracts from orange peels were obtained by a conventional method using acetone and, an alternative method using ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C4mimCl)). The bioaccessibilities and cellular uptakes of carotenoids, esters and chlorophylls were evaluated, since the influence of esterification on bioaccessibility and bioavailability is not well established. For this, the extracts were emulsified, submitted to in vitro simulated digestion model according to the INFOGEST protocol, followed by uptake by Caco-2 cells. Compounds were separated, identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. After digestion, 22.0% and 26.2% of the total carotenoids and 45.9% and 68.7% of the chlorophylls were bioaccessible from the acetone and C4mimCl extracts, respectively. The bioaccessibilities of xanthophylls and carotenes were significantly higher than those of the mono- and diesters. The uptake by Caco-2 cells varied from 130.2 to 131.9 ng/mg cell protein for total carotenoids and from 243.8 to 234.2 ng/mg cell protein for chlorophylls in the acetone and C4mimCl extracts, respectively. In general, xanthophylls and esters were better absorbed than carotenes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Propolis is a bee product with a complex chemical composition formed by several species from different geographical origins. The complex propolis composition requires an accurate and reproducible ...characterization of samples to standardize the quality of the material sold to consumers. This work developed an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector method to analyze propolis phenolic compounds based on the two key propolis biomarkers, Artepillin C and p‐Coumaric acid. This choice was made due to the complexity of the sample with the presence of several compounds. The optimized method was hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection allowing the detection of 23 different compounds. A step‐by‐step strategy was used to optimize temperature, flow rate, mobile phase composition, and re‐equilibration time. Reverse‐phase separation was achieved with a C18 fused‐core column packed with the commercially available smallest particles (1.3 nm). Using a fused‐core column with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography allows highly efficient, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible determination of compounds extracted from propolis with an outstanding sample throughput and resolution. Optimized conditions permitted the separation of the compounds in 5.50 min with a total analysis time (sample‐to‐sample) of 6.50 min.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Pressurized techniques are straightforward for high-scale applications and highly controllable, which seems an excellent strategy for recovering unstable natural compounds. In this work, the main ...advance was the development of a platform based on the pressurized liquid extraction coupled in-line with a solid-phase extraction step (PLE-SPE) combined with the use of eutectic mixtures as solvents to promote an efficient extraction and purification of natural pigments from food wastes. Eutectic mixtures, conventionally known as (deep) eutectic solvents - (D)ES, are combinations of two or more substances with a lower melting point than any of their components. (D)ES are often referred as "green solvents" because they can potentially be more environmentally friendly than other solvents, especially volatile organic solvents (VOSs). Overall, (D)ES have the potential to contribute to the achievement of several of the SDGs (especially 3, 13, and 14) through their positive impacts on health, environment, and sustainable production and consumption practices. Thus, in this work, (D)ES were used as solvents to valorize Brazilian berry waste (
Plinia cauliflora
). Anthocyanins are the biomass's main compounds of commercial interest, mainly for food and cosmetic applications. However, there are several technological issues regarding color control due to their high sensitivity to light, heat, oxygen, and pH variations. Thus, the data achieved in this work highlighted the high efficiency and low environmental footprint of the PLE-SPE-(D)ES platform developed. The success of the downstream process here developed was proved by the high extraction efficiency and the purity level of the anthocyanins obtained. Besides, thermal stability analysis was evaluated, demonstrating that (D)ES are not only solvents but also stabilizing agents, improving the shelf-life of the extracted colorants.
A PLE-SPE extraction process for the anthocyanins from Jabuticaba wastes was developed using an eutectic mixture, this acting simultaneously as solvent and stabilizing agent.
Currently, on an industrial scale, synthetic colorants are used in many fields, as well as those extracted with conventional organic solvents (COSs), leading to several environmental issues. ...Therefore, we developed a sustainable extraction and purification method mediated by ionic liquids (IL), which is considered an alternative high-performance replacement for COSs. Carotenoids are natural pigments with low bioaccessibility (BCT) and bioavailability (BV) but with huge importance to health. To investigate if the BCT and cellular uptake of the carotenoids are modified by the extraction method, we conducted a comparison assay between both extraction procedures (IL vs. COS). For this, we used the Amazonian fruit
, a rich source of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, to obtain the extract, which was emulsified and subjected to an in vitro digestion model followed by the Caco-2 cell absorption assay. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids using IL was better than those using COS (33.25%, and 26.84%, respectively). The cellular uptake of the carotenoids extracted with IL was 1.4-fold higher than those extracted using COS. Thus, IL may be a feasible alternative as extraction solvent in the food industry, replacing COS, since, in this study, no IL was present in the final extract.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Around 80% of the food consumed worldwide is provided by agriculture, and almost 30% of these products are affected by phytopathogenic agents, which cause numerous plant diseases.Microorganisms have ...been used as biocontrol agents to eliminate or decrease damage caused by phytopathogens.For the application of biocontrol agents, such as strains of Bacillus velezensis, several parameters need to be considered, including their habitat and molecular and biochemical conditions, such as plant growth promotion and antifungal activity.B. velezensis strains also have potential as control agents against nematodes in greenhouse cultivation, as probiotic supplements for feed, to pretreat lignocellulosic materials, or in wastewater treatments through the enzymes they produce.
Many microorganisms have been reported as bioagents for producing ecofriendly, cost-effective, and safe products. Some Bacillus species of bacteria can be used in agricultural applications. Bacillus velezensis in particular has shown promising results for controlling destructive phytopathogens and in biofungicide manufacturing. Some B. velezensis strains can promote plant growth and display antibiotic activities against plant pathogen agents. In this review, we focus on the often-overlooked potential properties of B. velezensis as a bioagent for applications that will extend beyond the traditional agricultural uses. We delve into its versatility and future prospects, the challenges such uses may encounter, and some drawbacks associated with B. velezensis-based products.
Many microorganisms have been reported as bioagents for producing ecofriendly, cost-effective, and safe products. Some Bacillus species of bacteria can be used in agricultural applications. Bacillus velezensis in particular has shown promising results for controlling destructive phytopathogens and in biofungicide manufacturing. Some B. velezensis strains can promote plant growth and display antibiotic activities against plant pathogen agents. In this review, we focus on the often-overlooked potential properties of B. velezensis as a bioagent for applications that will extend beyond the traditional agricultural uses. We delve into its versatility and future prospects, the challenges such uses may encounter, and some drawbacks associated with B. velezensis-based products.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Combining ethanol and water as a safe mobile phase to UPLC-analysis of anthocyanins.•Fast, green, and universal method to analyze anthocyanins.•Identification of 53 anthocyanins from ...9 foods.•The developed method achieved a high green analytical score.
This work developed a universal UPLC-PDA method based on safe reagents to analyze anthocyanins from different foods. Nine foods were studied by the developed chromatographic method, which was constructed using a solid core C18 column and a binary mobile phase composed of (A) water (0.25 molcitric acid.Lsolvent−1), and (B) ethanol. A total running time of 6 min was obtained, the faster comprehensive method for anthocyanins analysis. Mass spectrometry analysis was employed to identify a comprehensive set of 53 anthocyanins comprising glycosylated and acylated cyanidin, pelargonidin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, and delphinidin derivatives. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (m/z+ 449) and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (m/z+ 595) were used as standards to validate the accuracy of the developed method. The analytical parameters were evaluated, including intra-day and inter-day precision, robustness, repeatability, retention factor (k), resolution, and peak symmetry factor. The current method demonstrated excellent chromatographic resolution, making it a powerful tool for analyzing anthocyanins pigments.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Nowadays, one of the biggest challenges for society is the development of appropriate technologies to process the waste residue produced worldwide. In the food sector, the generated waste is ...estimated to be nearly billions of tons annually. Brazil is one of the most representative examples of the economic and industrial potential of underexplored residues and raw materials. The palm heart, scientifically known as Bactris gasipaes , mainly its fruits, is one of the many examples found in Brazilian flora. The fruits have significant amounts of carotenoids, namely, the all- trans -β-carotene, all- trans -lycopene and the rare all- trans -γ-carotene, which are considered as excellent raw materials of commercial interest. However, the main challenge that remains is their efficient recovery. This work proposes the development of a performant process of extraction mediated by the use of ionic liquid (IL)-based ethanolic solutions. Four ILs were examined, as well as the solid–liquid ratio R (S/L) , number of extractions, the time of extraction, the co-solvent-ratio R (IL/E) and the homogenization method employed. After selecting the best solvent (C 4 mimBF 4 ) and process conditions (extraction yield of 172 ± 18 μg carotenoids g dried biomass −1 ), the IL-ethanolic solution recyclability was tested by freezing/precipitating the IL (maximum of 94% of IL recovered), proving its success for at least 10 cycles while decreasing the process carbon footprint by 50% compared with the conventional method using acetone.
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