RESUMO Este texto foi a base da palestra proferida pelo autor no CPDOC/FGV em julho de 2016. Nele é apresentado um panorama da situação e das possibilidades de pesquisa nos arquivos mais importantes ...para os estudos históricos do comunismo em diversas partes do globo. O arquivo da Internacional Comunista na Rússia e o Projeto "Comintern online" são especialmente analisados. A abertura desses arquivos teve um impacto considerável na historiografia nos últimos 20 anos, com efeitos tanto na pesquisa sobre a história do século XX quanto nas políticas de memória.
ABSTRACT This is the paper of the lecture given by the author at the CPDOC/FGV in july 2016. It offers an overview of the present situation and of the possibilities of research in the most important archives for historical studies of communism in different parts of the world. The archives of the International Communist in Russia and the "Comintern online" are specially analysed. The opening of these archives had a considerable impact on historiography in the last 20 years, affecting the study of of the XXth century history as well as memory policies.
RÉSUMÉ Le texte a été la base de la conférence donnée par l'auteur au CPDOC/FGV en juillet 2016. Il présente une vue d'ensemble de la situation et des possibilités de recherche dans les archives les plus importantes pour les études historiques du communisme dans différentes parties du monde. Les archives de l'Internationale Communiste en Russie et le "Comintern online" sont spécialement analysés. L'ouverture de ces archives a eu un impact considerable sur l'historiographie au cours des 20 dernières années, et ses effets se font sentir sur l'étude de l'histoire du XXème siècle autant que sur les politiques de mémoire.
Since its creation in 1998, the "German-Russian Historical Commission" has conducted research on the Communist International. Thanks to the archival revolution, the Commission has succeeded in ...closing important gaps in earlier research on German-Russian relations and the history of German communism. This volume contains over 500 documents, and will become a standard work long consulted by future researchers.
Der Antifaschismus der Sowjetunion ist eine der kaum angefochtenen Bastionen linker Geschichtskonzeptionen. Selbst Stalins Pakt mit Hitler konnte den Mythos nicht zerstören, denn er galt als ...kurzfristiges taktisches Manöver. Tatsächlich aber hatte Stalin während der gesamten 1930er Jahre ein Bündnis mit dem nationalsozialistischen Deutschland im Auge. Statt den NSTerror gegen deutsche Kommunisten anzuprangern, richtete sich die sowjetische Politik bis 1934 weiterhin gegen die als „Sozialfaschismus“ diffamierte Sozialdemokratie. Auch die Komintern brachte Moskau auf diese Linie. Trotz des Bündnisses mit den Westmächten und der Volksfrontpolitik Mitte der 1930er ließ sich Stalin alle Optionen offen. Nach dem Pakt mussten die gleichgeschalteten kommunistischen Parteien die UdSSR und das Deutsche Reich als das Lager des Weltfriedens zu bezeichnen. The Soviet Union's antifascism is one bastion of leftwing thinking that is hardly ever contested. Even Stalin's pact with Hitler could not destroy it, for the Treaty of Non-aggression was considered but a short-term tactical manoeuvre. In fact, however, Stalin had an alliance with National Socialist Germany in mind throughout the entire 1930s. Instead of denouncing the Nazis' campaign of terror against German Communists, Soviet policy continued to be directed against Social Democracy - defamed as "social fascism" – until 1934. Moscow also brought the Comintern into line. Despite an alliance with the Western powers and the People's Front policy in the mid1930s, Stalin kept all of his options open. After the pact, the Communist parties that had been forced into line had to call the Soviet Union and the German Reich the camp of world peace.
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In Kooperation mit russischen und internationalen Archiven publiziert die Reihe ,,Archive des Kommunismus- Pfade des XX. Jahrhunderts" Studien und thematische Editionen. Ihr Ziel ist es, Erträge der ...seit dem Ende des XX. Jahrhunderts andauernden Archivrevolution für die Forschung zu präsentieren. Die Reihe leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zu dem Perspektiven- und Paradigmenwechsel, der mit der weitreichenden Öffnung der Archive verbunden ist.
The Soviet Union's antifascism is one bastion of leftwing thinking that is hardly ever contested. Even Stalin's pact with Hitler could not destroy it, for the Treaty of Non-aggression was considered ...but a short-term tactical manoeuvre. In fact, however, Stalin had an alliance with National Socialist Germany in mind throughout the entire 1930s. Instead of denouncing the Nazis' campaign of terror against German Communists, Soviet policy continued to be directed against Social Democracy -- defamed as 'social fascism' -- until 1934. Moscow also brought the Comintern into line. Despite an alliance with the Western powers and the People's Front policy in the mid-1930s, Stalin kept all of his options open. After the pact, the Communist parties that had been forced into line had to call the Soviet Union and the German Reich the camp of world peace. Adapted from the source document.
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The article attempts to follow up the fate of the concept Maurice Duverger created to explain the regime of the French Fifth Republic: semi–presidential government. Duverger expounded the concept in ...his fundamental book Échec au roi in 1978, trying to illustrate the fact that regimes of this type worked quite differently in the seven Western and Northern European countries that institutionalized it. ‘Semi–presidentialism’ is now widely, but very often controversially, used. The recent appearance of such regimes in newly democratizing states points to the fact that this form of government is often the preferred solution in times of transition. A critical review of Duverger's concept seems expedient as the diversification of these regimes raises new and perhaps intriguing questions. Due to the rejection of Duverger's concept or its ignorance in parts of the European scientific community, it is necessary to defend it as an important tool for political analysis. Moreover, it opens the opportunity for the examination of fundamental problems in political science.
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Since its creation in 1998, the “German-Russian Historical Commission” has conducted research on the Communist International. Thanks to the archival revolution, the Commission has succeeded in ...closing important gaps in earlier research on German–Russian relations and the history of German communism. This volume contains over 500 documents, and will become a standard work long consulted by future researchers.
In Kooperation mit russischen und internationalen Archiven publiziert die Reihe ,,Archive des Kommunismus- Pfade des XX. Jahrhunderts" Studien und thematische Editionen. Ihr Ziel ist es, Erträge der ...seit dem Ende des XX. Jahrhunderts andauernden Archivrevolution für die Forschung zu präsentieren. Die Reihe leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zu dem Perspektiven- und Paradigmenwechsel, der mit der weitreichenden Öffnung der Archive verbunden ist.
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