Ichthyology in Context (1500–1880) provides a broad spectre of early modern manifestations of human fascination with fish – “fish” understood in the early modern sense of the term, as aquatilia: all ...aquatic animals, including sea mammals and crustaceans. It addresses the period’s quickly growing knowledge about fish in its multiple, varied and rapidly changing interaction with culture. This topic is approached from various disciplines: history of science, cultural history, history of collections, historical ecology, art history, literary studies, and lexicology. Attention is given to the problematic questions of visual and textual representation of fish, and pre- and post-Linnean classification and taxonomy. This book also explores the transnational exchange of ichthyological knowledge and items in and outside Europe. Contributors: Cristina Brito, Tobias Bulang, João Paulo S. Cabral, Florike Egmond, Dorothee Fischer, Holger Funk, Dirk Geirnaert, Philippe Glardon, Justin R. Hanisch, Bernardo Jerosch Herold, Rob Lenders, Alan Moss, Doreen Mueller, Johannes Müller, Martien J.P. van Oijen, Pietro Daniel Omodeo, Anne M. Overduin-de Vries, Theodore W. Pietsch, Cynthia Pyle, Marlise Rijks, Paul J. Smith, Ronny Spaans, Robbert Striekwold, Melinda Susanto, Didi van Trijp, Sabina Tsapaeva, and Ching-Ling Wang.
2-Photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) is an indispensable imaging technology for neuroscience. However, the imaging depth is usually limited to the cortical layer in mouse brain in vivo. Here, we ...demonstrate deep brain 2PFM in vivo excited at the 1700 nm window, using IR780 and aza-IR780 as fluorescent labels. Our detailed characterization of the multiphoton excitation and emission properties of IR780 and aza-IR780 show that: (1) IR780 or aza-IR780 generate 2-photon fluorescence excited at the 1700 nm window and are promising for 2PFM; (2) aza-IR780 exhibits a larger ησ2 with better anti-photobleaching property compared to IR780; The 2-photon action cross-sections of IR780 and aza-IR780 in plasma are an order-of-magnitude larger than those in PBS; (3) In vivo 2-photon emission spectra for both dyes show a notable red shift compared to those in vitro. Based on these characterization results, we demonstrate deep brain 2PFM labeled by them. A maximum imaging depth of 1585 μm (labeled by IR780) and 1800 μm (labeled by aza-IR780) into the mouse brain in vivo readily penetrates the subcortical region of hippocampus. Besides, a maximum of 1528 μm hemodynamic imaging depth is realized via 2PFM with aza-IR780 labeling, enabling us to measure blood flow speed in the hippocampus.
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•The 2-photon properties of near-infrared dyes, IR780 and aza-IR780, were first characterized at the 1700 nm window.•Both dyes enable in vivo ultra-deep brain 2-photon structural and hemodynamic imaging down to the hippocampus.•Both dyes were verified to obey the Kasha's rule in terms of 2-photon fluorescence emission spectra.•The novel aza-IR780 is superior to IR780 in terms of 2-photon properties and imaging performance.
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When J. H. Elliott publishedSpain and Its World, 1500-1700some twenty years ago, one of many enthusiasts declared, "For anyone interested in the history of empire, of Europe and of Spain, here is a ...book to keep within reach, to read, to study and to enjoy" (Times Literary Supplement). Since then Elliott has continued to explore the history of Spain and the Hispanic world with originality and insight, producing some of the most influential work in the field. In this new volume he gathers writings that reflect his recent research and thinking on politics, art, culture, and ideas in Europe and the colonial worlds between 1500 and 1800.
The volume includes fourteen essays, lectures, and articles of remarkable breadth and freshness, written with Elliott's characteristic brio. It includes an unpublished lecture in honor of the late Hugh Trevor-Roper. Organized around three themes-early modern Europe, European overseas expansion, and the works and historical context of El Greco, Velázquez, Rubens, and Van Dyck-the book offers a rich survey of the themes at the heart of Elliott's interests throughout a career distinguished by excellence and innovation.
The city and Indigenous women: Buenos Aires (1744–1820). This book addresses the presence of Indigenous women in the city of Buenos Aires between 1744 and 1820, focusing on their forms of social ...interaction and incorporation into urban life. The main objective is to raise the visibility of this group of urban Indigenous women and their specific living conditions. To this end, the article is centered on the observation and problematization of their ways of performing in society, on the forms of subjection to which they were exposed and on the strategies they were able to implement in response to them. In this sense, the author proposes to analyze these women from the intersection of various identity categories and the definition of their specific conditions; to characterize their presence in the city, both in the urban space as a whole, as well as in domestic groups and institutions.
This book shows that the Enlightenment was many before it became one: The French Revolution reinvented the Enlightenment as a secular-democratic project of modernity and thereby obliterated its ...eighteenth-century variety. By recovering the rival strands of Enlightenment at play in Habsburg Central Europe and the Empire they produced, Fillafer offers a fresh reading of both.
Das Geschichtsbild der Aufklärung als Projekt der säkular-demokratischen Moderne entstand maßgeblich durch die Französische Revolution - doch es verschüttete ihre historische Vielgestaltigkeit. Franz L. Fillafer entdeckt die Aufklärung in der Habsburgermonarchie neu: Anhand ihrer Gestalter sowie der von ihnen aufgebauten Wissenskultur und Gesellschaft weist er erstmals nach, dass das Habsburgerreich während der »Restauration« kein Bollwerk gegen Aufklärung und Revolution war. Stattdessen legt Fillafer Varianten der Aufklärung frei, die nicht in der Revolution mündeten, sondern gerade im Kontext der Revolutionsabwehr gediehen. Sie speisten sich aus eigenen Quellen und prägten den Habsburgerstaat langfristig.
The Company-State rethinks the nature of the early English East India Company as a form of polity and corporate sovereign well before its supposed transformation into a state and empire in the ...mid-eighteenth century. Taking seriously the politics and political thought of the early Company on their own terms, it explores the Company's political and legal constitution as an overseas corporation and the political institutions and behaviors that followed from it, from tax collection and public health to warmaking and colonial plantation. Tracing the ideological foundations of those institutions and behaviors, this book reveals how Company leadership wrestled not simply with the bottom line but with typically early modern problems of governance, such as: the mutual obligations of subjects and rulers; the relationship between law, economy, and sound civil and colonial society; and the nature of jurisdiction and sovereignty over people, commerce, religion, territory, and the sea. The Company-State thus reframes some of the most fundamental narratives in the history of the British Empire, questioning traditional distinctions between public and private bodies, "commercial" and "imperial" eras in British India, a colonial Atlantic and a "trading world" of Asia, European and Asian political cultures, and the English and their European rivals in the East Indies. At its core, The Company-State offers a view of early modern Europe and Asia, and especially the colonial world that connected them, as resting in composite, diffuse, hybrid, and overlapping notions of sovereignty that only later gave way to more modern singular, centralized, and territorially- and nationally-bounded definitions of political community. Given growing questions about the fate of the nation-state and of national borders in an age of "globalization," this study offers a perspective on the vitality of non-state and corporate political power perhaps as relevant today as it was in the seventeenth century. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/history/9780195393736/toc.html
As a region, the Banat has many unique features owing to its specific geographical location, its multi- and intercultural composition, and the cultural diversity of the people who live there. The ...goal of this volume is to shine a spotlight on the inhabitants of the Banat, to reflect upon their historical experiences, to describe their mentalities, and to show how their attitudes have changed over time.
What was the significance of searching for and finding "family" and kinship through the ages? Which methods and strategies did actors use to produce relational connections, and into what structures ...and discourses can these practices be categorized? This volume takes up new insights from research into premodernity based on the history of knowledge and praxeology.
By describing their present as ‘enlightened’, eighteenth-century intellectuals inevitably altered their relationship to the past. In search of an explanation for this Enlightenment, ...eighteenth-century authors created a historical narrative which connected European countries in a linear history from antiquity, through the barbarous Middle Ages, to the progress of the scientific revolution and, finally, to the enlightened present in which seventeenth-century knowledge was perceived as increasingly benefiting society as a whole. Even though this narrative served as a shared European history and identity, national varieties soon emerged. This book shows that, in the context of the European ‘Enlightened narrative’, the Dutch Republic formed an extraordinary case. Here, the narrative of progress collided with a simultaneous debate on national decline and a deeply rooted humanistic tradition. Dutch intellectuals, moreover, were forced to reconsider their national past and national identity. The Batavian myth, for two centuries the primary historical foundation of national identity, increasingly came to be viewed as ‘barbaric’. Consequently, the concept of a seventeenth-century Golden Age was invented. It replaced the Batavian myth with a celebration of seventeenth-century Dutch economic prosperity, commercial politeness and moral rectitude more in line with enlightened historical thought.
