The article attempts to present current results of landscape archaeology concerning a military conflict between Prussia and Austria in the summer of 1866 near Hradec Králové (Sadowa/Königgrätz). The ...aim is to introduce the possibilities of analysing individual available sources using the methods of battlefield archaeology, which is a sub-discipline of post-medieval archaeology. The historical period in question is not only a regional issue. This topic is mainly important with regard to protection of constantly endangered war relics, whose number in East Bohemia has been increasing in the past decade. The knowledge acquired from systematic and rescue excavations conducted in various parts of battlefields in the territory of Hradec Králové region demands new analysis to be appropriately evaluated and interpreted. The primary processing and treatment of finds are equally important as their spatial information and a successful setting into the chronological frame of well-known historical events. Archaeological knowledge thus sheds a new light on these events. The paper presents basic research topics and methods, to which increased attention is currently being paid within the context of archaeological sites. All of them use a wider view of the 1866 historical landscape, which was not distinctly modified for the purpose of military operations, but on the contrary significantly influenced their course and sequence. In order to properly interpret the acquired spatial data, it is necessary to reconstruct this historical landscape and to define the form of various activities which took place there during the war.
Multiple stellar populations in NGC 1866 Costa, Guglielmo; Girardi, Léo; Bressan, Alessandro ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
11/2019, Volume:
631
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We performed a comprehensive study of the stellar populations in the young Large Magellanic Cloud cluster NGC 1866, combining the analysis of its best-studied Cepheids with that of a very accurate ...colour–magnitude diagram (CMD) obtained from the most recent
Hubble
Space Telescope photometry. We used a Bayesian method based on new PARSEC stellar evolutionary tracks with overshooting and rotation to obtain ages and initial rotation velocities of five well-studied Cepheids of the cluster. We find that four of the five Cepheids belong to an initially slowly rotating young population (of 176 ± 5 Myr), while the fifth is significantly older, either 288 ± 20 Myr for models with high initial rotational velocity (
ω
i
∼ 0.9), or 202 ± 5 Myr for slowly rotating models. The complementary analysis of the CMD rules out the latter solution while strongly supporting the presence of two distinct populations of ∼176 Myr and ∼288 Myr, respectively. Moreover, the observed multiple main sequences and the turn-offs indicate that the younger population is mainly made of slowly rotating stars, as is the case of the four younger Cepheids, while the older population is made mainly of initially fast rotating stars, as is the case of the fifth Cepheid. Our study reinforces the notion that some young clusters like NGC 1866 harbour multiple populations. This work also hints that the first population, i.e. the older, may inherit the angular momentum from the parent cloud while stars of the second population, i.e. the younger, do not.
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,,Schicksalsjahr", ,,Entscheidungsjahr", ,,Epochenjahr", ,,Ende des alten Europa" - so lauten einschlägige Urteile der Geschichtswissenschaft über die Bedeutung des preußisch-österreichischen Krieges ...von 1866. Ob es sich dabei um einen ,,Bruderkrieg" zweier deutscher Staaten, um einen ,,Bürgerkrieg" oder gar um einen ,,Re-ligionskrieg" mit ,,,schmalkaldischer' Perspektive" ge-handelt hat, gilt hingegen als weniger sicher. Die Autoren fragen nach den Ursachen, dem Ablauf wie auch den Folgen der militärischen Auseinandersetzung. Nach der Analyse der Entscheidungsprozesse, die im Sommer 1866 bei den drei hauptbeteiligten Akteuren Preußen, Österreich und Italien zur Öffnung des Ja-nustempels führten, untersuchen die Autoren, wieso die europäischen Großmächte Russland, Frankreich und Großbritannien eine Politik der bewaffneten Neutralität betrieben. Sie erörtern die Entwicklung und die Charak-teristika des Kriegsgeschehens auf den zentralen Schlachtfeldern von Königgrätz und Custozza. Ab-schließend behandelt er die Konsequenzen des Waf-fenganges für Deutschland und Europa.
Famine, Inequality, and Conflict Meriläinen, Jaakko; Mitrunen, Matti; Virkola, Tuomo
Journal of the European Economic Association,
08/2023, Volume:
21, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Abstract
This paper employs newly collected historical data from Finland to present evidence of historically contingent, long-run consequences of a famine. We document high levels of local inequality ...in terms of income and land distribution until a violent uprising in 1918. These inequalities partly originated from the famine of 1866–1868, which increased the concentration of land and power to large landowners. We further show that regions with more exposure to the famine had more labor coercion by the early 1900s. These inner tensions led to violent conflict following the Russian Revolution and the Finnish independence from the Russian Empire. Using microdata on all the casualties of the 1918 Finnish Civil War, we demonstrate that the famine plausibly contributed to local insurgency participation through these factors. Although unsuccessful in replacing the government, the insurgency led to significant policy changes, including radical land redistribution and a full extension of the franchise. These national reforms led to a more drastic shift toward equality in locations more affected by the famine with greater pre-conflict inequality. Our findings highlight how historical shocks can have large and long-lasting, but not straightforward impacts.
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Reframing the German War of 1866 as a civil war, Making Prussians, Raising Germans offers a new understanding of critical aspects of Prussian state-building and German nation-building in the ...nineteenth century, and investigates the long-term ramifications of civil war in emerging nations. Drawing transnational comparisons with Switzerland, Italy and the United States, it asks why compatriots were driven to take up arms against each other and what the underlying conflicts reveal about the course of German state-building. By addressing key areas of patriotic activity such as the military, cultural memory, the media, the mass education system, female charity and political culture, this book elucidates the ways in which political violence was either contained in or expressed through centre-periphery interactions. Although the culmination of Prusso-German state-building in the Nazi dictatorship represented an exceptionally destructive outcome, the solutions developed previously established Prussian-led Germany as one of the most successful states in recovering from civil war.
High-resolution spectroscopic observations were taken of 29 extended main-sequence turnoff (eMSTO) stars in the young (∼200 Myr) Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) cluster, NGC 1866, using the ...Michigan/Magellan Fiber System and MSpec spectrograph on the Magellan-Clay 6.5 m telescope. These spectra reveal the first direct detection of rapidly rotating stars whose presence has only been inferred from photometric studies. The eMSTO stars exhibit H emission (indicative of Be-star decretion disks), others have shallow broad H absorption (consistent with rotation 150 km s−1), or deep H core absorption signaling lower rotation velocities ( 150 km s−1). The spectra appear consistent with two populations of stars-one rapidly rotating, and the other, younger and slowly rotating.
On April 4, 1866, just as Alexander II stepped out of Saint Petersburg's Summer Garden and onto the boulevard, a young man named Dmitry Karakozov pulled out a pistol and shot at the tsar. He missed, ...but his "unheard-of act" changed the course of Russian history-and gave birth to the revolutionary political violence known as terrorism.
Based on clues pulled out of the pockets of Karakozov's peasant disguise, investigators concluded that there had been a conspiracy so extensive as to have sprawled across the entirety of the Russian empire and the European continent. Karakozov was said to have been a member of "The Organization," a socialist network at the center of which sat a secret cell of suicide-assassins: "Hell." It is still unclear how much of this "conspiracy" theory was actually true, but of the thirty-six defendants who stood accused during what was Russia's first modern political trial, all but a few were exiled to Siberia, and Karakozov himself was publicly hanged on September 3, 1866. Because Karakozov was decidedly strange, sick, and suicidal, his failed act of political violence has long been relegated to a footnote of Russian history.
InThe Odd Man Karakozov, however, Claudia Verhoeven argues that it is precisely this neglected, exceptional case that sheds a new light on the origins of terrorism. The book not only demonstrates how the idea of terrorism first emerged from the reception of Karakozov's attack, but also, importantly, what was really at stake in this novel form of political violence, namely, the birth of a new, modern political subject. Along the way, in characterizing Karakozov's as an essentially modernist crime, Verhoeven traces how his act profoundly impacted Russian culture, including such touchstones as Repin's art and Dostoevsky's literature.
By looking at the history that produced Karakozov and, in turn, the history that Karakozov produced, Verhoeven shows terrorism as a phenomenon inextricably linked to the foundations of the modern world: capitalism, enlightened law and scientific reason, ideology, technology, new media, and above all, people's participation in politics and in the making of history.
In the spring of 1866, the so-called German Confederation, then a loose organization of autonomous states, was thrown into crisis by a rift between the two largest members, the Austrian Empire and ...the Kingdom of Prussia. This volume chronicles the conflict over the unification of Germany, which actually occurred on German soil.
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