After decades of prosperous development, the 1970s posed an economic challenge to the automobile industry. For the two manufacturers examined here, Volkswagen and Peugeot, these crises derived from ...external factors like the oil crises in 1973 and 1979 as well as from the companies' internal difficulties in the periods 1971 to 1975 and 1979 to 1985 respectively. This paper asks whether these crises were an occasion for the manufacturers to get rid of traditional company benefits. Since the middle of the 1960s, Peugeot's and Volkswagen's social policies have been marked by qualitative change, notably by a more intense focus on the individual expectations of the employees, a greater economic conditionality of social benefits and a concentration on the target group of the employees. The article reveals an ambiguous picture of cost cutting in the social domain: While the crises facilitated the questioning of company benefits, most restrictive measures, if ever realized, remained temporary. Moreover, new social initiatives were created despite the crises. Summing up, the crises provided an argument for restricting social policy, but few benefits were definitely eliminated until the end of the 70s. The main reason for the repeal of some social benefits was not their costliness, but that they did no longer correspond to the needs of employees. The following case study suggests that companies do not generally reduce their social benefits during periods of economic crisis.
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La thèse porte sur la langue et les discours de la contestation en Italie dans les années 1970. L’étude vise à définir les enjeux et les représentations qui ont prévalu dans l’utilisation de certains ...mots plutôt que d’autres, en essayant de se placer du point de vue des acteurs qui ont vécu la période. Elle analyse d’une part l’utilisation de certains mots dans la langue politique de l'époque, en la comparant avec la production analogue précédente, et notamment avec les traditions politiques de référence.Elle étudie d'autre part la spécificité de la langue de la période en s’interrogeant sur la question d’un lexique politique propre à une époque donnée. Elle étudie enfin les débats linguistiques qui ont accompagné cette modification du lexique politique, en s’attachant plus particulièrement aux textes qui ont marqué des tournants linguistiques et idéologiques.L’étude vise à adopter une démarche scientifique qui comprend une historicisation précise des textes et des enjeux de leur écriture et qui a été définie par l’expression « philologie politique ».À travers la description d'un corpus très varié, comportant les textes politiques de référence (articles de journaux, tracts, affiches, documents théoriques, débats) produits par les organisations majeures d’extrême gauche (gauche extraparlementaire, mouvements, lutte armée) et leur interaction avec d’autres types de discours (Pci, Dc, presse) ; mais aussi des textes historiographiques et différentes formes de témoignage, cette étude pose la question plus générale de la création d’une langue politique propre à une époque donnée et du caractère particulier de la langue politique des années 1970 en Italie.
The dissertation tackles the language and the debates of protests in Italy in the Seventies. The research looks at defining the stakes and the representations that have been predominant through the use of certain words instead of others, by trying to show the point of view of the stakeholders that have lived this historical period.On one hand, the use of certain words utilized in the political language of that time has been analyzed, and compared with the precedent analogue production, notably with the political traditions of reference.On the other hand, the dissertation tackles the specificity of the language of that period by questioning the theme of a political vocabulary relatively of a specific time. Eventually, an analysis is made of the linguistic debates that have gone along with this change in the political vocabulary, by linking itself in particular to the writings that have marked linguistic and ideological turning points.The study aims at adopting a scientific method that entails a precise historization of the texts and the stakes connected to their writing which has been defined with the expression of « political philology ».The research utilizes the description of a very diversified collection of documents that include the political writings of reference (newspaper articles, leaflets, posters, theoretical documents, debates) produced by the main organizations of the extreme left wing (extra parliamentary left wing, movements, armed struggle) and their interaction with different types of speeches (PCI, DC, press); moreover the study includes historiographic texts and different forms of witness’ documents. The aim is to discuss more generally the creation of a political language belonging to a specific time and the particular character of the political language in the Seventies in Italy.
This paper analyzes the application of liability to large-scale, long-term hazards. The key features distinguishing such hazards are the long temporal separation between exposure to a hazard and ...disease and the large damages when injuries finally emerge. The large scale of damages creates a strong incentive to avoid liability payments, and the long temporal separation creates numerous avenues through which parties can avoid paying possible damage awards. The analysis focuses on the incentive to avoid paying damages by vertically divesting production tasks associated with serious occupational risks. Such divestiture can lower liability costs if the small firm operating the risky stage goes out of business before latent injuries emerge or has insufficient assets to pay damages and declares bankruptcy when suits are filed. The paper then presents an empirical regression analysis of small-firm entry into the U.S. economy between 1967 and 1980, the period in which liability laws were changing. The point estimate is that, ceteris paribus, liability changes appear to have led to a large increase in small corporations in hazardous sectors. Hence the empirical analysis shows widespread attempts to avoid liability by shielding assets through divestiture.
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The test score decline between 1967 and 1980 was large (about 1.25 grade-level equivalents) and historically unprecedented. New estimates of trends in academic achievement, of the effect of academic ...achievement on productivity and of trends in the quality of the work force are developed. They imply that if test scores had continued to grow after 1967 at the rate that prevailed in the previous quarter century, labor quality would now be 2.9 percent higher and 1987 GNP $86 billion higher.
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9.
Smoking during pregnancy, 1967-80 Kleinman, J C; Kopstein, A
American journal of public health (1971),
07/1987, Volume:
77, Issue:
Jul 87
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Finds smoking among married teenagers remained essentially constant between 1967 and 1980. For married mothers aged 20 and over the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased. The magnitude of ...the decrease was greater for those having 16 or more years of education. (Abstract amended)
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This paper is an empirical investigation of equilibrium restrictions on household consumption and labor supply. It posits, estimates, and tests a model where the equilibrium behavior of agents ...sometimes leads them to locate on the boundary of their respective choice sets. The key to our framework is a simple factor structure which characterizes the effects of market forces on household choices and returns to financial assets. It can be rationalized by the two assumptions that household allocations are Pareto optimal and that the labor market is competitive. If markets were complete, then the factors would represent real wages to standardized labor, prices for the future contingent claims which are ultimately realized, and the marginal utilities of wealth to households. Our empirical work estimates household preferences and tests how well this parsimonious factor structure represents panel data on married couples and time series data on asset returns. Most of our estimates are roughly comparable to those found in previous work; we find no evidence against the simple factor representation, and cannot reject the intertemporal capital asset pricing model.
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