Abstract
We study long-term and intergenerational effects of the 1970s Indonesian school construction program. Exploiting variation across birth cohorts and districts in the number of schools built ...suggests that 43 years later men are more likely to work formally, outside agriculture, and migrate, and that men and women have better marriage market outcomes. Households with exposed women have higher living standards and pay more taxes. The mother's program exposure leads to increased schooling for her children, with larger effects in secondary and tertiary education. Cost-benefit analyses indicate that school construction leads to higher tax revenues and improved living standards, offsetting construction costs within 18–54 years.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
La obra de Aminata Zaaria se caracteriza por su profunda reflexión sobre las cuestiones que afectan a la condición de las mujeres en la sociedad senegalesa. En su novela, La nuit est tombée sur ...Dakar, los personajes femeninos emprenden un viaje de autodescubrimiento en busca de su identidad y su lugar en un mundo en constante evolución. En este contexto, la narrativa se expande hacia una perspectiva holística de la identidad, enriqueciéndose con profundas reflexiones que se entrelazan con elementos del patrimonio cultural, la historia ancestral y memorias ocultas. Esta búsqueda va más allá de las limitaciones temporales y geográficas, generando un diálogo que abarca épocas, territorios y aspiraciones universales. La trama narrativa, caracterizada por su singularidad, sigue una dinámica caleidoscópica que refleja tanto la sensibilidad de la autora como su estado emocional.
•Real exchange rate convergence is estimated before and after monetary union.•Real exchange rates converge faster after countries joined the euro currency union.•Flexible exchange rates can promote ...adjustment or be a source of shocks.•Flexible exchange rates are not necessary to long-run relative price adjustment.
While economic theory highlights the usefulness of flexible exchange rates in promoting adjustment in international relative prices, flexible exchange rates also can be a source of destabilizing shocks. We find that when countries joining the euro currency union abandoned their national exchange rates, the adjustment of real exchange rates toward their long-run equilibrium surprisingly became faster. To investigate, we distinguish between differing rates of purchasing power parity (PPP) convergence conditional on alternative shocks, which we refer to as “conditional PPP.” We find that the loss of the exchange rate as an adjustment mechanism after the introduction of the euro was more than compensated by the elimination of the exchange rate as a source of shocks, in combination with faster adjustment in national prices. These findings support claims that flexible exchange rates are not necessary to promote long-run international relative price adjustment.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Working Paper No. 25265 In 1973, the Indonesian government began one of the largest school construction programs ever. We use 2016 nationally representative data to examine the long-term and ...intergenerational effects of additional schooling as a child. We use a difference-in-differences identification strategy exploiting variation across birth cohorts and regions in the number of schools built. Men and women exposed to the program attain more education, although women’s effects are concentrated in primary school. As adults, men exposed to the program are more likely to be formal workers, work outside agriculture, and migrate. Households with parents exposed to the program have improved living standards and pay more government taxes. Education benefits are transmitted to the next generation. Increased parental education has larger impacts for daughters, particularly if mothers are exposed to school construction. Intergenerational results are driven by changes in the marriage partner’s characteristics, with spouses having more education and improved labor market outcomes.
PDF
