Ion chemistry in space Larsson, M; Geppert, W D; Nyman, G
Reports on progress in physics,
06/2012, Volume:
75, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We review the gas-phase chemistry in extraterrestrial space that is driven by reactions with atomic and molecular ions. Ions are ubiquitous in space and are potentially responsible for the formation ...of increasingly complex interstellar molecules. Until recently, positively charged atoms and molecules were the only ions known in space; however, this situation has changed with the discovery of various molecular anions. This review covers not only the observation, distribution and reactions of ions in space, but also laboratory-based experimental and theoretical methods for studying these ions. Recent results from space-based instruments, such as those on the Cassini-Huygens space mission and the Herschel Space Observatory, are highlighted.
Nel febbraio scorso è stato presentato nelle sedi deputate il Piano nazionale denominato Proteggitalia (Piano nazionale per la mitigazione del rischio idrogeologico, il ripristino e la tutela della ...risorsa ambientale, adottato con DPCM 20 febbraio 2019, con successiva approvazione, con Delibera CIPE 24 luglio 2019, del Piano stralcio degli interventi immediatamente cantierabili individuati dal Ministero dell’Ambiente), Piano la cui continuità dovrebbe essere garantita dal nuovo governo. Il Piano si prefigge di mitigare e prevenire il dissesto idrogeologico mediante azioni atte a favorire la messa in sicurezza del nostro Paese, ovvero la realizzazione di opere di manutenzione del territorio e di prevenzione del rischio. Particolare attenzione, oltre agli interventi riconducibili alla gestione delle emergenze e alle azioni di prevenzione dei rischi e manutenzione del territorio, viene dedicata alla semplificazione e rafforzamento della governance. Il piano si configura, dunque, come un riordino, una combinazione e un’integrazione dei vari aspetti, norme, interventi e risorse che nel tempo si sono avvicendate in tema di sicurezza del territorio ....
International organizations, policy experts, and nongovernmental organizations promote greater governmental transparency as a crucial reform to enhance accountability and curb corruption. ...Transparency is predicted to deter corruption in part by expanding the possibilities for public or societal accountability, that is, for citizens and citizens associations to monitor, scrutinize, and act to hold public office holders to account. Although the societal accountability mechanism linking transparency and good government is often implied, it builds on a number of assumptions seldom examined empirically. This article unpacks the assumptions of principal‐agent theories of accountability and suggests that the logic of collective action can be used to understand why exposure of egregious and endemic corruption may instead demobilize the demos (i.e., resignation) rather than enhance accountability (i.e., indignation). We explore these theoretical contentions and examine how transparency affects three indicators of indignations versus resignation—institutional trust, political involvement, and political interest—given different levels of corruption. The empirical analyses confirm that an increase in transparency in highly corrupt countries tends to breed resignation rather than indignation.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Post-independent India has witnessed several horrific incidents of communal violence. The largest communal riot happened in the year 1984, in the capital city of New Delhi. But after the occurrence ...of the Anti-Sikh Riots of 1984, there was silence surrounding the incident. The silence was primarily caused by the trauma inflicted from the incident. There are reasons to believe that the silence was politically motivated too. However, the role fictional writings have played in communicating the traumatic memory of the incident was significant. This paper studies the novel Amu written by Shonali Bose to understand the representation of traumatic memory of the community. The paper attempts to problematize the decades-long silence surrounding the incident and the novel's role along with other similar fictional accounts in unravelling the truth of the incident.
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Though 1984 is often praised for its prescience, critics in Orwell’s time and ours have also condemned its pessimism. Orwell’s despair, the argument goes, undermines the power of his warning, ...representing a retreat from politics, a betrayal of socialism, and a repudiation of utopianism. This article draws on the text of 1984 and Orwell’s contemporaneous writings to reassess his thinking on power, socialism, and utopia and to reconsider 1984’s appeal to the political imagination. Characterizing Orwell’s late political sensibility as one of desperate radicalism, the article demonstrates that Orwell remained both a socialist and a steward of the utopian imagination and that he feared totalitarianism because it threatened to expunge utopian ideals from historical consciousness. 1984 depicts a world in which this effort has nearly succeeded, rendering Orwell’s present as a moment of choice between an egalitarian future and a future of permanent hierarchy.
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This article analyzes the origin, evolution, and consequences of the 1984 uprising in the case of Nador province, in the Rif region of Northern Morocco. By focusing on the structural causes that ...affected this mobilization at the local level, the sectors of the population that participated in it, and the framework of the demands expressed during the protest cycle, this study finds that not only the economic constraints, but also the peripheral situation of the region and its weak integration into the structure of the state constitute explicative factors of the outbreak of this revolt in the Rif.
Com o objetivo de verificar a pertinência do chamado Processo de Cartagena de 1984 aos fluxos migratórios advindos da Venezuela e de identificar as diretrizes da proteção internacional dos refugiados ...no referido país, foi realizado uma investigação a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental. Considerando que a Declaração de Cartagena de 1984 traz o significado mais abrangente para a definição de refugiado, faz-se de extrema relevância analisar a incidência de sua aplicação no caso venezuelano. Neste trabalho, buscou-se perquirir a aplicação da Declaração de Cartagena à situação da Venezuela, analisando a sua política migratória e a incidência normativa deste processo. Concluiu-se que a crise humanitária venezuelana gera um deslocamento internacional misto, a qual, uma vez identificada pelos países de acolhida, deve ensejar uma imediata e ampla proteção para além das soluções individuais, baseadas em soluções duradouras previstas desde o Plano de Ação do México de 2004.
A geodetic transformation is a mathematical operation that takes a point's coordinates in one coordinate system and returns the same coordinates in another coordinate system. This study aims to show ...the compatibility between global positioning system coordinates and the local maps in Iraq; this compatibility will be made for locations in Babil province. In the study area, fifteen control points have been chosen. GPS measures geographic and projected coordinates depending on the Universal Transverse Mercator projection and the World Geodetic System 1984 datum. In Iraq, the measured geographic coordinates are converted to projected coordinates using a geographic information system based on Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. To facilitate the conversion of the coordinates, both formulas and parameters are provided for any point in the study area between the two systems using a GPS receiver and ArcGIS software. The present study shows that the differences in easting coordinates are about -287.630 m, while the differences in northing coordinates reach 278.525 m. It is concluded that the various datums might play a significant role in producing maps and updating those maps for engineering works.
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