Since the LEADER (Liaisons Entre Activités de Developpement de l'Economie Rural) method was launched in 1991, through its Rural Development Programmes, it has tried to support rural areas by ...promoting the creation of opportunities, strengthening rural territorial resilience and holding back depopulation processes. It has also introduced social considerations such as gender and age and has fostered the knowledge economy. One aspect of particular interest is employment: rural areas that offer employment opportunities can trigger a set of processes and dynamics that are positive for rural resilience in that they strengthen competitive, socially dynamic and economically viable spaces. The purpose of this article is to define the profile of a LEADER project that can generate and/or consolidate employment in the Spanish region of Castilla-La Mancha during the current 2014–2022 programming period. This is done by means of a study using ordered probit of the 4 465 projects by the Local Action Groups (LAGs). The study points to the preponderance of agro-industrial activity and the large size of the municipalities where employment is generated. It also finds that a very large proportion of the jobs created are for young people and that many women have found jobs in projects funded by the LAGs.
On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation started a large-scale military aggression against Ukraine, moving from covert hybrid to overt war. Ukraine found itself in the epicenter of one of the ...largest and most extreme socio-cultural rifts of the global world. The aim of the research is to study, analyze and summarize the causal chain and conceptualize the understanding of the nature of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the chronological range of 2014-2022. We consider it necessary to condition the possible change of a certain upper chronological limit (2022). The study is based on dialectical, comparative, international legal and systemic approaches. The basic methods are: analysis and synthesis, synchronic and diachronic, comparative-historical, historical-legal, and structural-functional.It is proved that the preconditions for the Russian-Ukrainian war emerged from the collapse of the USSR and the first years of modern independent Ukraine. The collapse of the Soviet empire and the communist bloc at the end of the twentieth century was regarded by official Moscow as the greatest tragedy of the twentieth century. Russian President Vladimir Putin and those close to him did not abandon the idea of restoring the imperial structure and lost geopolitical positions, in particular by returning Ukraine under Kremlin’s. At the beginning of the XXI century, Ukrainian-Russian relations became especially acute due to the different attitudes of Kyiv and Moscow towards European, Eurasian and Euro-Atlantic integration, as well as tensions in the security field of bilateral relations. The main reasons for Russia’s war against Ukraine are: geopolitical, imperial, civilization, existential, personal and psychological.
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