Safe and effective sedation methods are as much momentous for small birds as for other animals not only for surgical procedures but also for safe handling and diagnostic and clinical procedures such ...as radiography, wound dressing, blood collection, and fracture repair procedures. This study intended to conduct a clinical evaluation of sedation efficacy in the intranasal administration of acepromazine in Pigeons. Thirty healthy adult domesticated Pigeons of both sexes, weighing 311.33 ± 24.46 grams were used in this study. They were randomly segregated into three groups (n = 10/group). Acepromazine 0.5 mg/kg, Acepromazine 1 mg/kg, and diazepam 5 mg/kg were administered intranasally respectively in these three groups; using a micropipette. The onset time and duration of sedation time were measured and recorded. Also, heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before drug administration and after sedation time were measured and recorded. There was no statistically significant difference in heart rate and blood oxygen saturation between groups (p ˃ 0.05), but this study showed that intranasal drug administration could provide fast and reliable sedation in Pigeons, and also intranasal diazepam administration made the fast onset of sedation but acepromazine administration (at the dose of 1 mg/kg) can provide long and adequate sedation (p < 0.05). So, for long-time diagnostic therapeutic procedures utilization of acepromazine is recommended.
To evaluate sedative and behavioral effects of a client-administered preappointment protocol with PO gabapentin and melatonin and oral-transmucosal acepromazine (GMA protocol).
45 client-owned dogs ...between 1 and 12 years old that underwent standardize examinations between February and August 2021.
In this clinical trial, dogs with a history of anxiety, fearfulness, and/or aggression during hospital visits were assessed and videotaped before (baseline) and after administration of the GMA protocol. For the second visit, owners administered PO gabapentin (20 to 25 mg/kg) in the evening prior to the next visit and PO gabapentin (20 to 25 mg/kg), PO melatonin (3 to 5 mg/dog), and oral-transmucosal acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) 90 to 120 minutes prior to the second appointment. Examinations were performed, and behavioral stress and sedation levels were evaluated with semiquantitative rating scales. Randomized videos were analyzed, and a paired t test was used to compare stress and sedation scores between baseline and GMA. A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the effect of age on the scores.
Stress scores were significantly lower after the GMA protocol, and sedation scores were significantly higher when compared to baseline (21.84 vs 27.11 and 1.39 vs 0.68, respectively). A significant correlation between increasing age and lower stress scores post-GMA and higher sedation scores post-GMA were observed.
Preappointment administration of the GMA protocol reduced signs of stress, fear, and fear-based aggression during hospital visits and provided sedation in this dog population. This protocol could represent an adjunct tool for veterinarians to improve quality of care and reduce animal-related injury.
Objective-To investigate hemodynamic effects of acepromazine and dexmedetomidine premedication in dogs undergoing general anesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and ...assess the influence of these drugs on oxygen-carrying capacity and PCV. Design-Prospective, randomized crossover study. Animals-6 healthy adult dogs. Procedures-Dogs received acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg 0.023 mg/lb) or dexmedetomidine (15.0 μg/kg 6.82 μg/lb) IM. Fifteen minutes later, anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained at end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.28% (1 minimum alveolar concentration) for 30 minutes. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at predetermined times. The experiment was repeated 48 hours later with the alternate premedication. Results were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA with a mixed-models procedure. Results-Bradycardia, hypertension, and significant cardiac output (CO) reduction developed after exmedetomidine premedication but improved during isoflurane anesthesia. Hypotension developed after acepromazine administration and persisted throughout the isoflurane maintenance period, but CO was maintained throughout the anesthetic period when dogs received this treatment. Oxygen delivery and consumption were not different between treatments at most time points, whereas arterial oxygen content was lower with acepromazine premedication owing to lower PCV during isoflurane anesthesia. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Acepromazine exacerbated hypotension, but CO did not change in dogs anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane. Dexmedetomidine reduced CO but prevented propofol-isoflurane–induced hypotension. In general, oxygen-carrying capacity and PCV were higher in dexmedetomidine-treated than in acepromazine-treated dogs anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane.
To evaluate the onset and duration of hematological changes and the use of Doppler ultrasound (spleen) in dogs sedated with acepromazine or xylazine.
Clinical study.
A total of 24 mixed breed dogs ...aged 1-4 years and weighing 15-25 kg.
Dogs were randomly distributed into two groups: acepromazine group (AG) which were administered acepromazine (0.05 mg kg
) intramuscularly and xylazine group (XG) administered xylazine (0.5 mg kg
) intramuscularly. Sonographic evaluations (morphologic and hemodynamic splenic vascularization) and hematologic tests were performed before drug administration (baseline) and 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 720 minutes after drug administration.
A significant reduction occurred in erythrogram variables in AG at 15-720 minutes corresponding with a significant enlargement of the spleen. In XG, a significant reduction was observed in the erythrogram variables at 30-60 minutes without a significant enlargement of the spleen. Hilar diameter did not change over time in either group. Flow alterations were found only in the splenic artery in AG, with a decreased final diastolic velocity observed at 60-120 minutes.
Administration of acepromazine resulted in decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and an increased diameter of the spleen. Xylazine administration resulted in similar hematologic changes but of smaller magnitude and duration and without splenic changes. The absence of significant changes in the Doppler flow parameters of the splenic artery and vein and the hilar diameter suggests that the splenomegaly that was observed in AG was not due to splenic vasodilation. No splenic sequestration occurred after xylazine administration.
The results indicate that acepromazine decreases the erythrocyte concentrations by splenic erythrocyte sequestration and concomitant splenomegaly. Xylazine can cause slight hematologic changes, but without splenic changes.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To elucidate the cardiovascular effects of escalating doses of phenylephrine and norepinephrine in dogs receiving acepromazine and isoflurane.
ANIMALS
8 beagles aged 1 to 2 years ...(7.4 to 11.2 kg).
METHODS
All dogs received acepromazine 0.01 mg/kg, propofol 4 to 5 mg/kg, and isoflurane and were mechanically ventilated. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) from a femoral artery catheter and continuous electrocardiogram were recorded. Cardiac output (CO) was measured with transpulmonary thermodilution. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), global end-diastolic volume (GEDV), and global ejection fraction (GEF) were subsequently calculated. Phenylephrine and norepinephrine were infused in random order at 0.07, 0.3, 0.7, and 1.0 μg/kg/min. All variables were measured after 15 minutes of each infusion rate. The effects of dose, agent, and their interaction on the change of each variable were evaluated with mixed-effect models. A
P
< .05 was used for significance.
RESULTS
Atrial premature complexes occurred in 3 dogs during norepinephrine infusion at doses of 0.3, 0.7, and 1 μg/kg/min; no dysrhythmias were seen with phenylephrine administration. MAP increased during dose escalation (
P
< .0001) within each agent and did not differ between agents (
P
= .6). The decrease in HR was greater for phenylephrine (
P
< .0001). Phenylephrine decreased CO and GEF and increased GEDV and SVR (all
P
< .03). Norepinephrine decreased the SVR and increased CO, GEDV, and GEF (all
P
< .03).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Our results confirm that phenylephrine increases arterial pressures mainly through vasoconstriction in acepromazine-premedicated dogs while norepinephrine, historically considered a vasopressor, does so primarily through an increase in inotropism.
Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are conformationally flexible molecules that fold into three-dimensional structures and play an important role in different cellular processes as well as in the development ...of many diseases. RNA has therefore become an important target for developing novel therapeutic approaches. The biophysical processes underlying RNA function are often associated with rare structural transitions that play a key role in ligand recognition. In this work, we probe these rarely occurring transitions using nonequilibrium simulations by characterizing the dissociation of a ligand molecule from an HIV-1 viral RNA element. Specifically, we observed base-flipping rare events that are coupled with ligand binding/unbinding and also provided mechanistic details underlying these transitions.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
To describe alfaxalone total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) following premedication with buprenorphine and either acepromazine (ACP) or dexmedetomidine (DEX) in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
...Prospective, randomised, clinical study.
Thirty-eight healthy female dogs.
Following intramuscular buprenorphine (20 μg kg−1) and acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1) or dexmedetomidine (approximately 10 μg kg−1, adjusted for body surface area), anaesthesia was induced and maintained with intravenous alfaxalone. Oxygen was administered via a suitable anaesthetic circuit. Alfaxalone infusion rate (initially 0.07 mg kg−1 minute−1) was adjusted to maintain adequate anaesthetic depth based on clinical assessment. Alfaxalone boluses were given if required. Ventilation was assisted if necessary. Alfaxalone dose and physiologic parameters were recorded every 5 minutes. Depth of sedation after premedication, induction quality and recovery duration and quality were scored. A Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U and Chi-squared tests determined the significance of differences between groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (range). Significance was defined as p < 0.05.
There were no differences between groups in demographics; induction quality; induction (1.5 ± 0.57 mg kg−1) and total bolus doses 1.2 (0 – 6.3) mg kg−1 of alfaxalone; anaesthesia duration (131 ± 18 minutes); or time to extubation 16.6 (3–50) minutes. DEX dogs were more sedated than ACP dogs. Alfaxalone infusion rate was significantly lower in DEX 0.08 (0.06–0.19) mg kg−1 minute−1 than ACP dogs 0.11 (0.07–0.33) mg kg−1 minute−1. Cardiovascular variables increased significantly during ovarian and cervical ligation and wound closure compared to baseline values in both groups. Apnoea and hypoventilation were common and not significantly different between groups. Arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation remained above 95% in all animals. Recovery quality scores were significantly poorer for DEX than for ACP dogs.
Alfaxalone TIVA is an effective anaesthetic for surgical procedures but, in the protocol of this study, causes respiratory depression at infusion rates required for surgery.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The dog with tetraplegia was presented for magnetic resonance imag- ing and cervical ventral slot decompression. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured every hour after surgery, along with ...respiratory rate, heart rate, and arterial pressure. Three hours after surgery, abdominal distension with agitation and respiratory distress were observed, and IAP rose to 12 mmHg, indicating mild intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Additional fentanyl and ketamine CRI did not alleviate IAH and acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg, IV) was administered to al- leviate the agitation and respiratory distress. After acepromazine administration, the agitation subsided and IAP dropped to 4 mmHg. During the next 24 hours, the patient’s vital signs and IAP remained stable, with normal urine output. This case report suggests the possibility of postoperative IAH monitoring in dogs. However, considering the nature of a single surgical case of cervical ventral slot, further study is required for indication of IAH monitoring. KCI Citation Count: 0
To compare effectiveness of maropitant and ondansetron in preventing preoperative vomiting and nausea in healthy dogs premedicated with a combination of hydromorphone, acepromazine, and ...glycopyrrolate.
88 dogs owned by rescue organizations.
Dogs received maropitant (n = 29) or ondansetron (28) PO 2 hours prior to premedication or did not receive an antiemetic (31; control). Dogs were evaluated for vomiting, nausea, and severity of nausea (scored for 6 signs) for 15 minutes following premedication with hydromorphone, acepromazine, and glycopyrrolate.
A significantly lower percentage of dogs vomited after receiving maropitant (3/29 10%), compared with control dogs (19/31 62%) and dogs that received ondansetron (15/28 54%). A significantly lower percentage of dogs appeared nauseated after receiving maropitant (3/29 10%), compared with control dogs (27/31 87%) and dogs that received ondansetron (14/28 50%), and a significantly lower percentage of dogs appeared nauseated after receiving ondansetron, compared with control dogs. Nausea severity scores for hypersalivation, lip licking, hard swallowing, and hunched posture were significantly lower for dogs that received maropitant than for control dogs, and scores for hypersalivation, lip licking, and hard swallowing were significantly lower for dogs that received ondansetron than for control dogs.
Oral administration of maropitant 2 hours prior to premedication with hydromorphone reduced the incidence of vomiting and the incidence and severity of nausea in healthy dogs. Oral administration of ondansetron reduced the incidence and severity of nausea but not the incidence of vomiting.
The aim of this prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study was compare the cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of ketamine in combination with acepromazine, diazepam, dexmedetomidine, ...midazolam or xylazine, injected intramuscularly in rabbits, using eight one-year-old male New Zealand rabbits (4.1 ± 0.40 kg). All treatments included ketamine (K; 30 mg/kg) in combination with one of the following: acepromazine 0.5 mg/kg (treatment KA); diazepam 1 mg/kg (KD); dexmedetomidine 0.025 mg/kg (KDex); midazolam 1 mg/kg (KM); or xylazine 3 mg/kg (KX) mixed in the same syringe and injected intramuscularly. Cardiopulmonary variables, blood gases and sedative scores were measured before injection (T0 or baseline) and every 10 min thereafter, over a 60-min period. There were reductions in heart rate, compared with the baseline, at all evaluation times in treatment KX. Treatments KDex, KM and KX presented reductions in respiratory rate at all evaluation times, in comparison with the baseline. There were reductions in mean arterial pressure in KA and KX at times T10-T60 and in PaO2 in KDex, KM and KX at T10-T50. The sedation scores were similar in KA, KDex, KM and KX at T10-T20. Ketamine in combination with acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, midazolam or xylazine promoted similar sedative effects for twenty minutes, but the α2-agonists can promote hypoxemia.
•Ketamine in combination with acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, midazolam or xylazine were analyzed after a single IM injection.•No sedative differences in rabbits after injection of the KA, KDex, KM and KX; more longer in those treated with KA, KDex or KX.•There was significant decrease in oxygenation when dexmedetomidine or xylazine was used.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
