Leksikografski zavod
Miroslav Krleža objavljuje geografske atlase opće namjene od 1960-ih.
Najzapaženiji je Atlas svijeta objavljen u sedam izdanja, pod vodstvom više
glavnih redaktora/urednika, koji ...su uglavnom zadržali početnu koncepciju
atlasa, ali su unijeli nove uredničke ideje i stilove. Jedini je potpuno domaći
atlas svijeta, komercijalno među najuspješnijim zavodskim izdanjima i jedan od
najraširenijih atlasnih priručnika u Hrvatskoj. Pretpostavlja se stoga da je
njegovo značenje u ukupnoj produkciji geografskih atlasa svijeta u Hrvatskoj
iznimno. Svrha rada jest pokazati je li ta pretpostavka opravdana. Napravljeno
je istraživanje u kojem se analizom nekih obilježja (ideja, posebnosti, struktura
atlasa i poglavlja, karte, pristupi, stil pisanja) zavodskoga i odabranih
prijevodnih atlasa svijeta u razdoblju od tiskanja prvoga (1961) do
posljednjega zavodskoga atlasa (2008) te njihovom usporedbom dolazi do ciljeva
istraživanja: a) raspoznavanje sličnosti i razlika (posebnosti) zavodskoga
atlasa u odnosu na atlase drugih nakladnika, b) ocjena utjecaja koje zavodski
atlas ima u širenju geografskih znanja, c) određivanje njegova značenja u
hrvatskoj atlasnoj kartografiji. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na iznimno značenje
zavodskoga atlasa koje proizlazi iz njegovih posebnosti. Ističe se jer
prikazuje svijet iz domaće perspektive, odražava visoku stručnost u obradi
sadržaja primjenom načela obuhvatnosti i dosljednosti, sadržava pojačanu
tekstualnu sastavnicu, postavlja norme u pisanju geografskih imena iz stranih
jezika, predočuje vlastite karte i primjenjuje leksikografski stil pisanja.
The Miroslav Krleža
Institute of Lexicography has been publishing general purpose geographical
atlases since the 1960s. The most prominent of these is the World Atlas, which
has seen seven editions, edited by several editors-in-chief, who mostly
retained the initial concept of the atlas, but introduced new editorial ideas
and styles. It is the only wholly Croatian world atlas, commercially among the
most successful publications of the Institute of Lexicography, and one of the
most widespread atlases in Croatia. Therefore, it is presumed that it was of
exceptionally high significance in the production of geographical world atlases
in Croatia. The goal of this paper is to show whether this presumption is
justified. An analysis of some characteristics (ideas, specificities, atlas
structure and chapters, maps, approaches, writing style) of the Institute’s and
selected translated world atlases in the period from the printing of the first
(1961) to the last Institute’s atlas (2008) was made, and the results were
compared in order to achieve the goals of this research: a) identify the
similarities and differences (specificities) of the Institute’s atlas in regard
to atlases of other publishers, b) estimate the influence of the Institute’s
atlas in spreading geographical knowledge, and c) determine its significance in
Croatian atlas cartography. The research results point towards the exceptional
importance of the Institute’s atlas, which stems from its specificities. It
stands out among the others because it depicts the world from a Croatian
perspective, reflects a high level of professionalism in content processing by
applying the principles of comprehensiveness and consistence, contains a strong
textual component, sets norms in writing geographical names from foreign
languages, presents its own maps, and applies a lexicographical writing style.
Croatian exonyms are Croatian adapted names of foreign geographical features that differ from their original names (endonyms). The writing, use, and treatment of exonyms are not always unambiguous, ...unique, systematic, and consistent. Thus, authors and editors of maps and atlases frequently face the question of should they choose an exonym (and which one), an endonym, or both. They resolve them by entering various exonym forms, using both forms of names (exonyms and endonyms), or omitting exonyms even when they exist. This situation is a direct outcome of having multiple names and of the different use of exonyms. Double naming can be the result of the complex status of toponyms in multilingual areas and of a vague boundary between current and historical exonyms. Until recently, the problems of writing and the use of exonyms were usually simply stated and confirmed by scarce examples. The purpose of this article is to stress out the need to apply a systematic approach to exonym research methodology. The aim is to highlight the open questions on writing and the use of Croatian exonyms by analysing general and school world atlases published in the last forty years, and to confirm them with representative examples. As the analysis indicates, writing and the use of many exonyms in our world atlases is quite chaotic. This is a consequence of having unstandardized exonyms and overly general orthographic rules and toponymic guidelines for exonyms. All mentioned should be in the focus of a national interdisciplinary authority that would carry out the standardization of all Croatian geographical names as well as exonyms.
Hrvatski egzonimi su hrvatska prilagođena imena stranih geografskih
objekata koja se razlikuju od izvornih imena (endonima). Pisanje, uporaba i tretman egzonima nisu uvijek jednoznačni, ujednačeni, sustavni
i dosljedni. Stoga se autori i urednici karata i atlasa često suočavaju
s pitanjima trebaju li rabiti egzonim (i koji), endonim ili oba imena. Rješavaju ih upisivanjem različitih oblika egzonima, upotrebljavanjem oba oblika imena (egzonima i endonima) te izostavljanjem egzonima i kada
oni postoje. Takvo je stanje izravna posljedica višeimenosti i različite uporabe egzonima. Dvostruko imenovanje može biti rezultat složenog statusa toponima u višejezičnim područjima i nejasne granice između suvremenih i povijesnih egzonima. Problematika pisanja i uporabe egzonima donedavno se uglavnom samo konstatirala i potkrjepljivala malim
brojem primjera. Svrha rada je uputiti na nužnost primjene sustavnog pristupa metodologiji istraživanja egzonima. Cilj rada je analizom općih
i školskih atlasa svijeta objavljenih u posljednjih četrdesetak godina istaknuti otvorena pitanja o pisanju i uporabi hrvatskih egzonima te ih potvrditi reprezentativnim primjerima. Kako pokazuje analiza, pisanje i uporaba mnogih egzonima u našim atlasima svijeta prilično je kaotično. To je posljedica nepostojanja standardiziranih egzonima te nedovoljno detaljnih pravopisnih pravila i toponimskih smjernica za egzonime. Sve bi navedeno trebao biti interes nacionalnog interdisciplinarnog povjerenstva koje bi provodilo standardizaciju svih hrvatskih geografskih imena, tako i egzonima.
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A new locality in the poorly known “red beds” of Tendrara (High Plateaus, Morocco) has yielded four charophytes species (Feistiella anluensis, Lamprothamnium stipitatum, Peckisphaera portezueloensis, ...Platychara caudata) and dinosaur eggshells (Pseudomegaloolithus atlasi). These red beds, which overly the Cenomanian-Turonian marine deposits, generally assigned to “Senonian” based on geometric position, are directly dated by these fossils: the charophytes species and dinosaur oospecies association indicates a Campano-Maastrichtian or Maastrichtian age for these calm floodplain deposits.
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This monograph (‘Kozenn's school atlas as a milestone in education') was released on the 150th anniversary of the publication of the first secondary-school atlas by Blasius Kozenn (a.k.a. Blaž ...Kocen). He grew up in a Slovenian farming family near Ponikva, Lower Styria. While working as a teacher, he realized he needed more new teaching aids and he advocated more modern methods of teaching. His cooperation with the publisher Eduard Hölzel was of key importance. Kozenn’s crowning accomplishment was the first successful school atlas in the Austrian Empire, published in 1861. It contained twenty-seven maps, of which three were on double pages, and was published in German, Hungarian, Czech, and Polish. The author followed the example of the leading German atlases of that time, but he thoroughly adapted it to local conditions, introduced several important new features, and ensured that its reprints and other atlases that used his as a model were constantly technically, artistically, and conceptually improved. Kozenn’s secondary-school atlas soon became the leading one in the German-speaking part of the empire, whereas in the Czech, Polish, and Hungarian schools his “small” atlases, which were more limited in their coverage and cheaper, were initially more successful. After Kozenn’s death, the publisher decided to maintain his well-established brand, and so even 150 years since its first publication the Kozenn-Atlas is still a prominent name.
Hrvatski egzonimi su hrvatska prilagođena imena stranih geografskih objekata koja se razlikuju od izvornih imena (endonima). Pisanje, uporaba i tretman egzonima nisu uvijek jednoznačni, ujednačeni, ...sustavni i dosljedni. Stoga se autori i urednici karata i atlasa često suočavaju s pitanjima trebaju li rabiti egzonim (i koji), endonim ili oba imena. Rješavaju ih upisivanjem različitih oblika egzonima, upotrebljavanjem oba oblika imena (egzonima i endonima) te izostavljanjem egzonima i kada oni postoje. Takvo je stanje izravna posljedica višeimenosti i različite uporabe egzonima. Dvostruko imenovanje može biti rezultat složenog statusa toponima u višejezičnim područjima i nejasne granice između suvremenih i povijesnih egzonima. Problematika pisanja i uporabe egzonima donedavno se uglavnom samo konstatirala i potkrjepljivala malim brojem primjera. Svrha rada je uputiti na nužnost primjene sustavnog pristupa metodologiji istraživanja egzonima. Cilj rada je analizom općih i školskih atlasa svijeta objavljenih u posljednjih četrdesetak godina istaknuti otvorena pitanja o pisanju i uporabi hrvatskih egzonima te ih potvrditi reprezentativnim primjerima. Kako pokazuje analiza, pisanje i uporaba mnogih egzonima u našim atlasima svijeta prilično je kaotično. To je posljedica nepostojanja standardiziranih egzonima te nedovoljno detaljnih pravopisnih pravila i toponimskih smjernica za egzonime. Sve bi navedeno trebao biti interes nacionalnog interdisciplinarnog povjerenstva koje bi provodilo standardizaciju svih hrvatskih geografskih imena, tako i egzonima.
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This study presents various aspects of the use of adapted exonyms (i.e., foreign geographical names) in Slovenian. The cartographic use of these names rests on a long tradition dating back nearly a ...century and a half. This study presents the issues related to the use of adapted exonyms in all major Slovenian world atlases, including the Veliki splošni leksikon (Large General Encyclopedia) and the dictionary section of the latest Slovenski pravopis (Slovenian Normative Guide). Adapted exonyms are treated based on their regional affiliation and semantic type and, for names in the four most prominent atlases, the typology of Slovenianized exonyms has been redesigned and studied with regard to level and type of adaptation. The use of adapted exonyms in the individual sources treated is critically discussed, enabling an onomastic understanding of their actual value and reliability. The collected material is a basis for the greatly needed standardization of adapted exonyms, as recommended by the resolutions of the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. These resolutions consistently demand that individual UN member states limit the use of exonyms, which to some degree contradicts the principle of linguistic autonomy.
The Moroccan government is "certain" that a draft constitution promising greater freedoms will win a wide support in a referendum that is due to be held in July while left-wing parties and a banned ...Islamist group are calling for boycotting the vote, Al-Jazeera reported on 21 June. Rachid Balghiti, a member of the 20 February movement, which has organised a wave of protests to demand far reaching reforms, said since its launch, the movement has been consistently demanding a "democratic constitution". "The draft constitution has a different wording and contains nice slogans but from a legal perspective it is actually not much different from previous constitutions that we have had since 1962," Balghiti argued.
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