"Diplodia tip blight (Diplodia pinea) affects mature pines, including Austrian (Pinus nigra) and Ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines. Infections spread from needle fascicles to branch and, if unchecked, ...to the entire tree. Efficacy studies of fungicide injections in conifers are limited. Minute vascular tissues and resin exudate, a response to drilling, present impediments to injection. The efficacy of Propizol (14.3% propiconazole) for control of Diplodia tip blight in Austrian pines was evaluated. We evaluated (1) time of year, (2) injection spacing, and (3) fungicide dilution with respect to injection efficiency. Late fall injections expedited uptake, which is consistent with the reduced monoterpene emission rates in autumn and winter reported by Kim et al. 2005 and Lim et al. 2008. The time required for the dose to be administered was recorded for close and wide spacing of injection sites. Close spacing had the greatest impact on reducing the application time, irrespective of time of year. Low volume injections required less time to apply compared to high volume. Regardless of the application method, we observed a significant decrease in disease incidence in Propizol-treated trees. Injections applied in late fall resulted in a mean reduction in infections of new candles in the next growing season. Injections in the following spring, however, did not result in improvement in candle condition until a year later. We believe that these differences are based on whether the fungicide was applied prior to or after infection. Based on these findings, we recommend Propizol prior to infection for optimal results.
In central Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Zavidovići-Teslić area, the study of the radial growth of Austrian and Scots pine (autochthonous pine species) trees was conducted using the ...dendrochronological method in order to identify the differences between the species in terms of the influence of climatic variables on the tree ring formation. Trees were sampled in five experimental areas or five sites. The first site had a Scots pine stand, while the second had an Austrian pine stand, and the other three sites had mixed stands of Scots and Austrian pine. Cross-dating was conducted using visual on-screen techniques of CDendro software and statistical methods using Cofecha software. The tree ring series were standardized using the Arstan program and cubic smoothing spline. It produced Scots pine regional chronology, 145 years long (1870-2014), and Austrian pine regional chronology, 180 years long (1835-2014). Correlation analysis of the relationship between the index of tree-ring width and precipitation and temperature in the characteristic periods of the year showed a negative effect of temperature (except in winter months) and a positive effect of precipitation on the tree ring formation. The statistically significant dependence of the tree-ring width index on the SPEI indices indicates a significant impact of moisture deficiency on the tree ring formation in the period from June to August (r = 0.33 in June, r = 0.45 in July and r = 0.47 in August) for Scots pine and in the period from June to September (r = 0.36 in June, r = 0.43 in July, r = 0.47 in August and r = 0.30 in September) for Austrian pine. The analysis of the relationship between climatic parameters and the chronologies of Scots and Austrian pine shows similar relationships between radial growth and climate but the influence of climate is somewhat more pronounced in Austrian pine. In the study area, the radial growth of both tree species is significantly determined by climate conditions. In other words, the chronology of these species has a good climatic signal, especially the drought signal in the summer months.
U Zavidovićko - Teslićkom području, u središnjoj Bosni i Hercegovini, dendrokronološkom metodom je proučavan radijalni rast stabala crnog i bijelog bora, autohtonih vrsta u pomatranom području. Cilj je bio identifikacija razlika između spomenutih vrsta glede utjecaja klimatskih čimbenika. Uzorci su uzeti iz stabala s pet lokaliteta. Na prvom lokalitetu je sastojina bijelog bora, na drugom crnog bora, a na ostala tri lokaliteta su mješovite sastojine. Standardizacija serija širina godova (radijalnih prirasta) obavljena je primjenom Arstan programa. Dobivena je regionalna kronologija bijeloga bora dužine 145 godina (od 1870. do 2014.) i regionalna kronologija crnoga bora dužine 180 godina (od 1835. do 2014.). Ispitivanje zavisnosti između indeksa širine goda i oborina odnosno temperature u pojedinim karakterističnim periodima godine, pokazalo je negativan utjecaj temperature (osim u zimskim mjesecima) na formiranje goda i pozitivan utjecaj oborina. Statistički značajna zavisnost indeksa širine goda od SPEI indeksa ukazuje na značajan utjecaj nedostatka vlage u periodu lipanj – kolovoz (r = 0,33 u lipnju, r = 0,45 u srpnju i r = 0,47 u kolovozu) za bijeli bor i periodu lipanj - rujan (r = 0,36 u lipnju, r = 0,43 u srpanju, r = 0,47 u kolovozu i r = 0,30 u rujnu) za crni bor na formiranje godova. Analiza odnosa klimatskih parametara i formiranih kronologija bijeloga i crnoga bora pokazuje slične odnose između širine goda i klime, ali je utjecaj klimatskih čimbenika nešto više izražen kod crnog bora, kojemu više odgovaraju uvjeti staništa na promatranom području. U promatranom području radijalni prirast stabala obje vrste drveća značajno je uvjetovan klimatskim čimbenicima, odnosno kronologije navedenih vrsta imaju dobar klimatski signal, a posebno signal suše u ljetnim mjesecima.
Background and purpose: The aim of present research is to study intra- and inter-population genetic variation in Austrian pine by the application of biochemical markers. A better knowledge of the ...genetic potential of Austrian pine populations will enhance the production of seed and planting material, and in this way also the success of afforestation and the establishment of Austrian pine specific-purpose plantations.
Material and methods: The polymorphism of protein markers was determined based on the selected genotypes originating from six populations (seed stands) in Serbia. Based on the derived electrophoregrams, qualitative and quantitative differences (number and pattern) in protein fractions were identified and the seed protein profile was constructed for each tree, as well as for each of the six study populations. Analysis of protein markers was performed using two statistical methods, NTSYS and correspondence analysis.
Results and conclusion: The conservativeness of some polypeptide, i.e. the presence in all analysed genotypes is showed. On the other hand, some protein fractions were variable at the population level, and some were variable depending on the population. The degree of genetic variation among the populations was higher than the variation within the populations. There was also a high genetic variation in seed proteins within the analysed populations. Both methods (NTSYS and correspondence analysis) give the same arrangement of the analyzed populations, whereby, because of a different view of genetic distances, they can and should be combined, enabling easier and more precise understanding of mutual relationships of the observation units.
Quantifying carbon in agroforestry trees requires biomass equations that capture the growth differences (e.g., tree specific gravity and architecture) created in the more open canopies of ...agroforestry plantings compared with those generally encountered in forests. Whereas forest-derived equations are available, equations for open-grown trees are not. Data from destructively sampled open-grown trees in the Northern Great Plains were used to examine the uncertainties in the use of forest-derived equations for open-grown trees. Three species, representative of major morphological types of agroforestry trees, were studied: green ash, Austrian pine, and eastern redcedar. Forest-derived equations provided good estimates of trunk biomass at lower diameter ranges but, as diameter increased, resulted in overestimation up to 40% for individual trees. Across the full diameter ranges, individual tree branch biomass was underestimated by 29-82%, depending on species and equation source (regional or nonregional). Although open-grown trunk and branch biomass curves diverged down and up, respectively, from their forest-derived counterparts, those for the whole tree tended to converge, albeit significantly above the forest-derived curves. Whole-tree biomass for individual trees was underestimated by at least 18%. To correct the biases, we studied the adjustment factor of forest- to open-grown tree biomass. It shows a power function with diameter. On a whole-tree basis, it was evaluated as a constant (1.2) independent of species and diameters. Application of this constant factor adjusted the biomass underestimation of three-species-mixed plantation by forest-derived equations from 21 to 4.6%, providing a cost-efficient approach to use forest-derived equations for open-grown trees in agriculture land.
To meet the restoration and reforestation goals in the changing environment, the translocation of genotypes and species northward and upward need to be considered to a great extent. Pinus nigra is a ...genetically diverse, drought sensitive species, with cold hardiness comparable to other tree species under the same climatic conditions. This study tested frost hardiness (whole plant freezing test—WPFT, and electric conductivity—EC test), and heat tolerance (heat tolerance test) of P. nigra seedlings from two southern Greek provenances (Kalamata and Grevena) and one northern Serbian provenance (Šargan) to better understand the potential of seed transfer from the south to the north of the species distribution in the Balkan peninsula. The results showed that, that for all studied provenances, the damage was great; the index of injury (Ii) at −18 °C was ranged from 49 to 54.5 (measured by the EC method) and the percentage of injured tissues ranged from 80–90% (measured by visual observation). For all studied provenances, a sharp increase in damages was observed with the fall of temperature from −5 and −18 °C and the time after exposure. The WPFT results showed that the highest tolerance to freezing (−18 °C) was presented by seedlings from the northern (Šargan) provenance; however, no significant differences were statistically detected among the studied provenances. The heat and drought-treated seedlings, from both provenances, presented significantly highler foliar damages than only drought-treated ones. For seedlings from both contrasting provenances (Grevena and Šargan), exposure to moderate heat (45 °C) and short drought did present damages but without significant difference between them. Considering freezing and heating tolerance, Greek provenances of P. nigra (i.e., Grevena region) can be successfully used in Serbian forestation and restoration programs. The present study makes a contribution towards P. nigra reforestation with practical implications for abiotic stress (frost, heat drought) tolerance among southern and northern provenances and could be valuable to determine the suitable provenances for reforestation programs and assisted population migration under climatic change scenarios.
Genetic relationships among 12 taxa from subgenera Pinus and Strobus were
studied through fourteen microsatellite markers, previously developed for
Pinus taeda. To our knowledge, this is the first ...comparative study of pines
using nuclear EST-microsatellites (EST-SSRs). The total number of detected
alleles in all investigated taxa was 72 (5.14 in average). The numbers of
alleles per locus and PIC values for estimated markers ranged from 3 to 7,
and from 0.43 to 0.81, respectively. Presented results are in accordance
with majority of previous genetic investigations and infrageneric
classification of genus Pinus up to the sectional level, while subsectional
position of some species has still not dismissed, especially regarding
relict ones. According to nuclear EST-SSRs, Pinus heldreichii is in
early-diverging position within subsection Pinaster and shows the greatest
closeness with P. halepensis, while Pinus peuce doesn't have basal position
within subsection Strobus being more close to P. strobus than to P.
wallichiana. Furthermore, the closest connections in subsection Pinus were
found between two Pinus nigra subspecies (dalmatica and nigra) as well as
between P. sylvestris and P. mugo.
The influence of seed provenances and seedling production methods on quality of one and two years old seedlings of Austrian pine were investigated. Seeds from three provenances of Austrian pine (Goc, ...Studenica and Sargan) were used for seedlings production, combined with three production methods: (i) the modified seedbeds (bare-root), (ii) the container type Plantagrah II and (iii) the container type Gocko. Provenance, as well as the combined influence of provenance and production method had minimal influence on the variability of one and two years old Austrian pine seedlings. Nevertheless, the production method had the highest influence. The production system, besides its importance in nursery, will have a high influence on seedlings growth during the first year after planting. Considering the results of this study (e.g. the highest values of the diameter, number of lateral roots, shoot and root dry weight, and quality index and the lowest value of SQ and satisfactory value of S:R), we can conclude that the seedlings produced in container type Gocko led to the highest seedlings quality, recommended especially for afforestation on hard sites.
The influence of seed provenances and seedling production methodson quality of one and two years old seedlings of Austrian pine wereinvestigated. Seeds from three provenances of Austrian pine (Goč, ...Studenica and Šargan) were used for seedlings production, combined with three production methods: (i) the modified seedbeds (bare-root), (ii) the container type Plantagrah II and (iii) the container type Gočko. Provenance, as well as the combined influence of provenance and production method had minimal influence on the variability of one and two years old Austrian pine seedlings. Nevertheless, the production method had the highest influence. The production system, besides its importance in nursery, will have a high influence on seedlings growth during the first year after planting. Considering the results of this study (e.g. the highest values of the diameter, number of lateral roots, shoot and root dry weight, and quality index and the lowest value of SQ and satisfactory value of S:R), we can conclude that the seedlings produced in container type Gočko led to the highestseedlings quality, recommended especially for afforestation on hard sites.
This paper presents the results of soil research in Austrian pine (Pinus
nigra Arn.) forest communities in the Visegrad area, carried out to determine
the basic soil characteristics and ...eco-production potential of forest
habitats as an important basis and framework for the successful management of
these forests on the principles of sustainable development. Austrian pine
forests in this region are an important and ecologically valuable community.
The complexity of the geological structure and relief dynamics are dominant
environmental factors that condition the expressed variability of soils in
the study area. Forest communities of Austrian pine are formed on the
peridotites and serpentinites, eutric ranker (haplic leptosol), eutric
cambisol (haplic cambisols) and pseudogley (haplic planosol), dense granular
and marl limestones calcomelanosol (mollic leptosol), rendzina (rendzic
leptosol) and calcocambisol (leptic cambisol). The productivity of these
soils is highly correlated with depth and texture composition, and the impact
of these factors is linked with soil type, climate and other site conditions.
In the research area, soil types with low production potential such as
rankers, rendzinas, limestone and dolomite calcomelanosol are dominant.
Deeper variants of eutric cambisol, pseudogley and calcocambisol can be
classified as soils with moderate to high production potential.
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Since the end of the last glacial period, European Mediterranean mountains have provided shelter for numerous species of Eurosiberian and Boreal origin. Many of these species, surviving at the ...southern limit of their range in Europe and surrounded by Mediterranean ones, are relatively intolerant to summer drought and are in grave danger of loss, as a result of increasingly long and frequent droughts in this region. This is the case of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and the Austrian pine (Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii) which are found on Central Iberian Peninsula at the edge of their natural range. We used a tree ring network of these two species to reconstruct past variations in summer rainfall. The reconstruction, based upon a tree ring composite chronology of the species, dates back to 1570 (adjusted R ² = 0.49, P < 0.000001) and captures interannual to decadal scale variability in summer precipitation. We studied the spatial representativeness of the rainfall patterns and described the occurrence rate of extremes of this precipitation. To identify associations between macroclimatic factors and tree radial growth, we employed a principal component analysis to calculate the resultant of the relationship between the growth data of both species, using this resultant as a dependent variable of a multiple regression whose independent variables are monthly mean temperature and precipitation from the average records. Spatial correlation patterns between instrumental precipitation datasets for southern Europe and reconstructed values for the 1950–1992 period indicate that the reconstruction captures the regional signal of drought variability in the study region (the origin of this precipitation is convective: thermal low pressure zones induced in the inland northeastern areas of the Iberian Peninsula). There is a clear increase in the recurrence of extreme dry events as from the beginning of twentieth century and an abrupt change to drier conditions. There appears to be a tendency toward recurrent exceptionally dry summers, which could involve a significant change for the Eurosiberian refugee species.
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