The rapid generation of biomedical waste (BMW) due to covid-19 pandemic has created burden on the existing municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system in both developed and developing countries. ...The substantial influx of covid patients in Maharashtra, India has influenced the pattern of BMW generation, especially for the yellow category of BMW and incineration facilities. The objective of the study was to estimate the daily face mask consumption (DFM) and BMW generation from May 2020 to August 2021 in Maharashtra, India. The study was carried out based on the confirmed covid 19 cases, population forecast, urban population (%), BMW generation rate (kg/bed/day), and so on. The data set for the each paramters were collected from web-portals, published reports based on previous studies. These data sets were further regrouped, processed and analyised using mathematical equations. The study also revealed that Mumbai, Pune, and Thane districts, India has contributed ≥ 60% of the DFM and BMW generation. It was found that the DFM by non-covid patients was higher compared to the covid patients (DCFM). Further, it was revealed that BMW generated in the months of July 2020 (152 tons/day), August 2020 (228 tons/day), September 2020 (364 tons/day), October 2020 (177 tons/day), March 2021 (405 tons/day), April 2021 (1,102 tons/day), May 2021 (705 tons/day), June 2021 (194 tons/day), and July 2021 (149 tons/day), exceeded the existing BMW treatment capcity of 132 tons/day. The sudden spike in covid-19 cases has influenced the pattern of DFM and BMW generation, espeicllay for the yellow category of BMW (BMWCY) and has increased the burden on BMW incineration facilities. The daily emission rates from BMW-incineration was in the order PM10> NO2> CO>SO2, with maximum emission of PM10 (85.61 kg of pollutant/day). The F-test was performed using one-way ANOVA to understand the influence of covid cases on daily face mask consumption. It was found that F-satistic of DCFM and BMWCY is more than the F-critical i.e., increase in covid cases had a significant effect on mass consumption rate and BMW generation.
•Daily mask consumption and BMWG is directly proportional to covid cases.•Daily mask consumption by non-covid residents was higher compared to covid patients.•PM10 was estimated to be 85.61 kg of pollutant/day from BMW-incineration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Biomedical Waste Management Rules were first implemented in our country on 20th July 1998. Thereafter, the rules have undergone periodic updates and amendments in the years 2003 and 2011. Latest ...Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016, and (Amendment) Rules, 2018, were an update and simplification of BMW disposal as compared with the previous version, keeping in pace with the changes in the requirements of the health-care setup. Although exhaustive, numerous medical devices/products/kits did not find any mention even in the latest amendment of the rules. Thus, this article aims to bring out the key points to be known by all health-care workers and the gray areas which require clarification and inclusion in the rules for a completeness of the said rules.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Financial indicators are tools that provide concrete clues regarding the health of a business. They involve two dimensions: a quantitative one, determined by the calculation of the indicators, and a ...qualitative one, which relates to their interpretation. Approached statically, at the level of a financial year, they define the current situation at that moment. Dynamically approached, over a time horizon consisting of several financial years, they highlight the general trend for that time span. This material aims to analyse the main financial indicators at the level of a company that is internationally renowned, as well as resilient and financially stable. BMW offers top products within the automotive industry. The approach to the indicators for this company will be both static and dynamic, over a time horizon of four financial years (2019-2022). Their determination will be pursued, with the aim of a quantitative assessment, as well as their interpretation, for the purpose of a qualitative assessment.
We report on the synthesis of complex lead‐free perovskite‐type (1−x)(Ba0.8Ca0.2)TiO3–xBi(Mg0.75W0.25)O3 (BCT‐xBMW) and (1−x)(Ba0.8Ca0.2)TiO3‐xBi(Mg0.75Mo0.25)O3 (BCT‐xBMM) solid solutions via ...conventional solid‐state reaction route. The sintering temperature was adjusted as a function of composition x to obtain dense samples (relative densities over 95%) at the same time minimizing bismuth evaporation. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows the formation of single‐phase perovskites for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 in the BCT‐xBMW series and increasing concentrations of impurity phases for x ≥ 0.15 and for x ≥ 0.05 in BCT‐xBMM. A transition from a tetragonal to pseudo‐cubic perovskite structure is observed in BCT‐xBMW and BCT‐xBMM at x = 0.05. The dielectric response has been characterized between −60°C and 300°C for BCT‐xBMW, and between 30°C and 300°C for BCT‐xBMM using impedance spectroscopy, showing a transition from ferroelectric to relaxor‐like behavior at x ≥ 0.05. Additional polarization and Raman spectroscopy measurements reveal the occurrence of highly disordered systems. Analysis of the Raman spectra indicates structural phase changes and lattice modifications caused by chemical substitution. For the composition 0.8Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3‐0.2Bi(Mg0.75W0.25)O3, a temperature‐stable permittivity of about 600 (±15% between −60°C and 300°C) and small losses of tanδ < 0.02 for T ≤ 230°C at 1 kHz are observed, making it a suitable dielectric material for high‐temperature capacitors.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
This study addresses the evaluation of schedule time window of a new frequency for a network carrier airline. The ideal schedule for an airline can involve various criteria that consist of ...commercial and operational constraints. This study proposes a new integrated Best–Worst Method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution based on heterogeneous decision making approach for determining the most suitable schedule. This approach combines the advantages of multi-expert multi-criteria decision analysis, which yields heterogeneous information, with a developed decision making model. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to observe the robustness of the proposed approach. To illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach, a real world problem at a network carrier airline in Turkey is presented. The results indicate that the flexibility and applicability of the proposed approach can address real-world problems.
Commutative sets of Jucys-Murphy elements for affine braid groups of A ( 1 ) , B ( 1 ) , C ( 1 ) , D ( 1 ) types were defined. Construction of R-matrix representations of the affine braid group of ...type C ( 1 ) and its distinguished commutative subgroup generated by the C ( 1 ) -type Jucys-Murphy elements are given. We describe a general method to produce flat connections for the two-boundary quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations as necessary conditions for Sklyanin's type transfer matrix associated with the two-boundary multicomponent Zamolodchikov algebra to be invariant under the action of the C ( 1 ) -type Jucys-Murphy elements. We specify our general construction to the case of the Birman-Murakami-Wenzl algebras (BMW algebras for short). As an application we suggest a baxterization of the Dunkl-Cherednik elements Y ′ s in the double affine Hecke algebra of type A.
► The subducted Pacific slab played a great role in the intraplate volcanism in NE China. ► Wudalianchi volcano is caused by the subduction-induced lithospheric delamination. ► Hainan volcano is ...related to the double-side deep subductions. ► The Indian plate is subducting with a small dipping angle to the eastern Tibet.
We present a new P-wave tomographic model beneath East Asia by inverting 1,401,797 arrival-time data recorded by the regional seismic networks in East Asia and temporary seismic arrays deployed on the Tibetan Plateau. Our high-resolution tomography shows that the subducted Pacific slab is revealed clearly as a high-velocity (high-V) zone and it becomes stagnant in the mantle transition zone beneath eastern China. Prominent high-V anomalies atop the 410km discontinuity are detected beneath the eastern North China Craton and Northeast China, suggesting that lithospheric delamination may have occurred and greatly affected the thermal state, intraplate magmatism and surface topography of this region. The Indian lithosphere is characterized by a high-V anomaly and it is subducting nearly horizontally beneath the entire or most parts of western Tibet and with a small dipping angle to the southernmost part of eastern Tibet. The intraplate magmatism in different parts of East Asia has different origins. The active Tengchong volcano is underlain by a prominent low-velocity (low-V) anomaly in the shallow mantle, which may be caused by the subduction and dehydration of the Burma microplate plate (or Indian plate). The Hainan volcano is underlain by a plume-like low-V anomaly that extends down to at least 1000km depth and seems to be related to the deep subductions of the Burma microplate (or Indian plate) in the west and the Philippine Sea plate in the east. Prominent low-V anomalies are detected beneath the Changbai, Longgang and Xianjindao volcanoes in Northeast Asia, which may be related to the rollback of the subducting Pacific slab as well as the convective circulation process in the big mantle wedge above the stagnant slab. The origin of the Wudalianchi volcano in Northeast China seems associated with the upwelling of asthenospheric materials caused by the subduction-induced lithospheric delamination.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The outbreak of COVID-19 has engendered a global health crisis along with diverse impacts on economy, society and environment. Efforts to combat this pandemic have also significantly shot-up the ...quantity of Bio-medical Waste (BMW) generation. Safe disposal of large quantity of BMW has been gradually posing a major challenge. BMW management is mostly implemented at municipal level following regulatory guidelines defined by respective states and the Union. This article is a narrative of the status of BMW generation, management and regulation in India in the context of COVID-19 crisis. The article is based on comparative analysis of data on BMW generation and management from authentic sources, a systematic literature review and review of news reports. In the current pandemic situation where media has been playing a significant role in highlighting all the concerns related to COVID-19 spread and management. Assessing the ground situation regarding effectiveness of prevailing BMW management facilities, requirement and suggestions can provide insights to the subject with policy implications for India and countries as well. The discussion has been built on different dimensions of BMW management during the pandemic including existing infrastructures, capacity utilisation, policy guidelines, operational practices and waste-handlers aspects. The results on state-wise analysis of reported BMW quantity and active COVID-19 patients also reveal some non-linear relationship between the two variables. Delhi, the National Capital is situated at a better position in terms of BMW management as compared to other studied states. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights to the policy makers and other relevant authorities to evaluate adequateness as well as efficiency quotients of entire BMW management landscape. Some of the critical observations of this article are also expected to offer impetus for enhancing national disaster preparedness in future.
BMW; Healthcare waste; Safe disposal; Environmental health; Waste management regulations
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
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