The development of air bomb was closed to 100 years from World War I. In this study, the typical technologies applied in air bomb were analyzed, and the characteristics of air bomb using various ...technologies were summarized. The differentiated generations based on landmark technology were developed to describe air bomb, and the various types of air bomb were illustrated on corresponding.
•Secondary particles within silica aerogel gets coalesced when heat treated.•The detailed pyrolysis of hydrophobic silica aerogel can be divided into 3 steps.•Under 350℃ heat treating, the aerogel ...gets to its optimum for thermal insulation.•C decreases but still exists in the silica aerogel after heat treated.
Hydrophobic silica aerogels were heat treated under various conditions. Physical and chemical analyses were conducted to study the effect of the heat treatments on the silica aerogels. The O/Si and C/Si values in the hydrophobic silica aerogels increased and decreased, respectively, with the increase in the heating temperature. C–O, −OH, and CO were detected during pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of the silica aerogels in air could be divided into 3 steps: the hydroxylation of methyl groups, the splitting of the alcoholic hydroxyl, and the oxidisation of CO. When the heat treatment temperature was lower than 350 °C, the properties of the silica aerogels showed little change. With further increase in the heat treatment temperature, the variation in the relevant parameters became more prominent. The secondary particles coalesced with one another, and the mesopores were destroyed. Consequently, the thermal conductivity and bulk density rose greatly. The carbon within the silica aerogels was released after heat treatment. As a result, the heat released in the thermal gravimetry and oxygen bomb analyses dropped remarkably with the increase in the heat treatment temperature.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this study, Stigonematales sp. microalgae were collected from drain water and characterized for its' morphological edifice, elemental composition, thermal condition and energy generation capacity ...by using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, thermogravimetric analyzer and bomb calorimeter, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the top view of microalgae and ash pellet with carbon coated specimens at low voltage (5.0 kV) through the secondary electron image detector. Elemental analysis revealed all the major and minor constituents of this microalgae species and its' ash in terms of dry weight (%) and atomic weight (%). Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted at heating rate, 10 °C/min and this experimental results determined moisture content, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon of the sample with 4.5%, 35%, 39.5% and 21%, respectively. Microalgae powder blended with bituminous coal by 75%, 50% and 25% measured calorific value 14.07 MJ/kg, 19.88 MJ/kg and 26.42 MJ/kg, respectively. Microalgae (75%) -coal (25%) blend showed excellent amount of energy content, 24.59 MJ/kg. Microalgae blended with coal unveiled an outstanding outcome with elevation of the volatile matter and drop of the ash content. Optimization of microalgae-coal blend in large-scale application can initiate bright future in renewable energy exploration.
•Stigonematales sp. microalgae collected from drain water as feedstock for bioenergy generation.•30.30%C, 40.87%O and O/C ratio 1.34 as elemental composition.•Improved energy value of microalgae with different ratios of bituminous coal blend.•Thermal profile analysis at heating rate, 10 °C/min.•Increased value of microalgae-coal combustion for optimization.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this study, effect of waste tire (WT) addition to cotton stalk (CS) pyrolysis is investigated with a focus on liquid co-pyrolysis yield quantity and quality. Various blend ratios (i.e. CS/WT 1:0, ...4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 0:1) of the two feedstocks were experimented in a fixed bed reactor at 20 °C/min heating ramp rate up to 550 °C with 50 ml/min flowrate of nitrogen as sweeping gas. Blend ratio CS/WT (2:3) showed maximum oil yield (48 wt%) with organic phase (OP) above 78 wt% of the total liquid yield (OP + aqueous phase, AP). OP of CS/WT (2:3) along with those of CS/WT (1:0) and (0:1) were further analyzed qualitatively using analytical techniques including, FTIR, GC-MS, bomb calorimetry and elemental analyzer. Significant increase in carbon and decrease in oxygen content of the CS/WT (2:3) pyrolytic oil was observed which improved its calorific value to 41 MJ/kg. Among the three OP samples, only CS/WT (2:3) oil showed significant presence of alkanes in GC-MS results, which is, thus, associated with the synergistic effect of the co-pyrolysis process. Addition of WT to CS pyrolysis feedstock improved liquid yield and its quality, thus requiring lesser further processing for its commercial use as compared to that of CS/WT (1:0) oil.
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•Co-pyrolysis of waste tire and cotton stalk was investigated for the first time.•Increased Oil and char yield found in co-pyrolysis oil; maximum for CS/WT (3:2).•CS/WT (3:2) oil showed calorific value of 41 MJ/kg, comparable to diesel.•CS/WT (3:2) oil contained higher sulfur, aldehydes and ketonic content.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In order to study the main charge' stability of certain electric firing cluster tear bomb, the sampling research was carried out from the storage period, the storage period and the over storage ...period of the ammunition. The dispersion and stability of the samples main charge' components were characterized and tested in different years by SEM, DSC and other methods. The SEM diagrams of the main charge show that the components are still distributed evenly after long-term storage, and there is no obvious change in quality. The DSC results show that the stability of main charge is excellent, this is due to that the displacements of the melting endothermic peak and decomposition exothermic peak between unstored and stored main charge are less than 2 °C.
•A continuous flow reactor was modified for producing algal bio-crude oil.•Bio-crude oil (28 wt% yield, 39 MJ/kg) was obtained from wastewater algae.•Bio-crude oil quality from new reactor was ...comparable to oils from batch reactors.
To explore the feasibility of scaling up hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algal biomass, a pilot-scale continuous flow reactor (CFR) was operated to produce bio-crude oil from algal biomass cultivated in urban wastewater. The CFR system ran algal slurry (5 wt.% solids loading) at 350 °C and 17 MPa for 4 h without any clogging issues. Bio-crude oil chemistry was characterized by high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectroscopy (FT-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), bomb calorimetry, and elemental analysis. Bio-crude oil yield of 28.1 wt% was obtained with higher heating values of 38–39 MJ/kg. The quality of light bio-crude oil produced from the CFR system was comparable in terms of molecular structures to bio-crude oil produced in a batch reactor.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A new surrogate fuel of RP-3 kerosene was developed.•Ignition and laminar combustion characteristics of the surrogate fuel were experimental studied.•The surrogate fuel emulated all of the selected ...property targets of RP-3 kerosene.•The ignition and laminar combustion characteristics of the surrogate fuel were agreed with RP-3 kerosene.
A new surrogate fuel was developed to emulate both the physical and chemical properties of RP-3 kerosene. Six property targets were chosen for the new surrogate fuel formulation, which are hydrogen/carbon ratio, average molecular weight, cetane number, low calorific value, density and viscosity. The surrogate fuel was developed with only those species readily available in existing kinetic mechanisms, that are n-decane, n-dodecane, iso-cetane, methylcyclohexane and toluene. The mole fractions of the above components are 14%, 10%, 30%, 36%, 10%, respectively, which determined by an optimizer based on the error of the property targets between the surrogate fuel and RP-3 kerosene. Comparisons with RP-3 kerosene show that the newly developed surrogate fuel reproduces the six property targets of RP-3 kerosene. Further experimental investigations were performed in a chemical shock tube and constant volume bomb to obtain the ignition delay and laminar combustion characteristics of the new surrogate fuel and RP-3 kerosene. The results show that the ignition delay times and laminar combustion velocities of the surrogate fuel are in good agreement with that of RP-3 kerosene.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To investigate the self-similar propagation of a turbulent expanding flame, H2/CO/air mixtures, with vas hydrogen fractions (10, 30, and 50%) and equivalence ratios (0.6–1.0) were ignited in a ...turbulent combustion bomb under various turbulence intensities. The turbulent flame Reynolds number was used to analyze its dynamic propagation characteristics. The results showed that the growth rate of the flame propagation speed gradually decreased when the flame developed to a certain degree. As the equivalence ratio or hydrogen fraction increased, the dimensionless turbulent flame propagation speed decreased, as did its exponential dependence on the turbulent flame Reynolds number. There was a linear relationship between S T/S l and Re T,f 0.5, and a decrease in Ma due to increase in the hydrogen fraction and decrease in equivalence ratio had completely opposite effects on the self-similar propagation of the syngas/air turbulent premixed flame.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
•A novel antitumor nanoplatform was designed and synthesized.•The prepared nanomedicine showed deep penetration and high accumulation.•Light-responsive nanomedicine exhibited controlled drug release.
...Poor penetration into tumor stem cells of nanomedicine leads to the low therapeutic efficacy, metastasis and recurrence of tumors. Herein, doxorubicin (DOX) modified gold nanorods (GNRs) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) were loaded simultaneously on the surface of polydopamine (PDA) nanospheres (PDA@GNRs-DOX/Ce6), which was called structure-tunable “remote-controlled cluster bomb”. The “cluster bomb” were accumulated primarily to the tumor tissues via enhanced permeability and retention effect. Subsequently, the nanosystem was disintegrated to release DOX and singlet oxygen and kill the superficial tumor cells under NIR laser irradiation. Meanwhile, the small-size GNRs (48 nm × 15 nm) fall off from the primary nanocarriers and penetrated into the interior tumor tissue to damage the tumor stem cells. The novel variable structure nanosystem avoided the possibility of tumor metastasis and recurrence. The results also verified its excellent tumor therapeutic efficiency, the relative tumor volume was 0.47 ± 0.31 in the PDA@GNRs-DOX/Ce6 group, which was lower significantly than that of control group (26.50 ± 0.98). We believe the design of structure-tunable “remote-controlled cluster bomb” can provide an inspiration for the future tumor therapy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Thermite reactions between metal fuels and oxide oxidizers are highly exothermic and self-sustaining, so they find wide applications in the explosion, pyrotechnics, thermal batteries, micro-actuator, ...and material synthesis and process. Compared to the well-studied aluminum (Al)-based thermites, boron (B)-based thermites are thermodynamically attractive due to boron's higher volumetric and gravimetric energy densities and they received limited attention. Previous studies have compared the effect of metal oxide on the reaction onset temperature of B-based thermites and identified that B/Bi2O3 and B/CuO thermites have lower reaction onset temperatures than other B/metal oxides. Nevertheless, there is no systematic study on the effect of metal oxide on both ignition and combustion of B-based thermite. In addition, no study has investigated the effect of binary metal oxide mixtures for B-based thermite. Herein, we experimentally tested five common metal oxides (CuO, Bi2O3, MoO3, Co3O4, and Fe2O3) on the ignition and combustion characteristics of sub-micron sized B particles using Xenon flash ignition, constant-volume pressure vessel and bomb calorimeter experiments. We observed that Bi2O3 and CuO are the most effective oxidizer for ignition and combustion of boron, respectively. We further identified that the binary oxide mixture (75 wt% B–CuO + 25 wt% B–Bi2O3) is more effective than all the single metal oxide for the ignition and combustion of boron particles. The results suggest that mixed oxides are potentially beneficial for ignition and combustion of other metal fuels as well.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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