In 1994, while nations everywhere stood idly by, 800,000 people were slaughtered in eight weeks in Rwanda. Arriving as U.S. Ambassador to neighboring Burundi a few weeks later, Bob Krueger began ...drawing international attention to the genocide also proceeding in Burundi, where he sought to minimize the killing and to preserve its fledgling democratic government from destruction by its own army. From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi is a compelling eyewitness account of both a horrific and persistent genocide and of the ongoing efforts of many courageous individuals to build a more just society. Krueger and his wife Kathleen graphically document the slaughter occurring all around them, as well as their repeated efforts to get the U.S. government and the international community to take notice and take action. Bob Krueger reconstructs the events of the military coup that precipitated the Burundi genocide and describes his efforts to uncover the truth by digging up graves and interviewing survivors. In straightforward and powerful language, Kathleen Krueger recounts her family's experience living amid civil war, including when she faced down a dozen AK-47-wielding African soldiers to save the life of a household worker. From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi shines a piercing light on a genocide that has gone largely unreported, and identifies those responsible for it. It also offers hope that as the truth emerges and the perpetrators are brought to account, the people of Burundi will at last achieve peace and reconciliation.
Pitches the ideas and aspirations of people on the ground against the theory and assumptions often made by the international development and peace-building agencies and organisations. This book ...discusses about conflict and society in Africa.
Civil wars vary greatly in their duration. This book argues that conflicts are longer when they involve more actors who can block agreement (veto players) and identifies specific problems that arise ...in multi-party bargaining. Quantitative analysis of over 200 civil wars since World War II reveals that conflicts with more of these actors last much longer than those with fewer. Detailed comparison of negotiations in Rwanda and Burundi demonstrates that multi-party negotiations present additional barriers to peace not found in two party conflicts. In addition, conflicts with more veto players produce more casualties, are more likely to involve genocide and are followed by shorter periods of peace. Because they present many barriers to peace, the international community has a poor track record of resolving multi-party conflicts. David Cunningham shows that resolution is possible in these wars if peace processes are designed to address the barriers that emerge in multi-party conflicts.
In Democratic Engineering in Rwanda and Burundi the author argues
that a democratic model which is suitable for single-cultural
societies may not be applicable in multicultural societies; he
...illustrates that the liberal and socialist theories have not
addressed the issue of national minorities which threatens peace
and stability in most African countries. The author investigates
the form of democratic engineering that would harmonise ethnic
relations and guard against ethnic discrimination and violence. He
explores the consociational and integrative theories to identify a
suitable democratic system that would stabilise Rwanda and Burundi.
He analyses the pros and the cons of the present options adopted by
Rwanda and Burundi to address the question of ethnicity and also
assesses the potential of a number of other solutions.
In Democratic Engineering in Rwanda and Burundi the
author argues that a democratic model which is suitable for
single-cultural societies may not be applicable in multicultural
societies; he illustrates that the liberal and socialist theories
have not addressed the issue of national minorities which threatens
peace and stability in most African countries. The author
investigates the form of democratic engineering that would
harmonise ethnic relations and guard against ethnic discrimination
and violence. He explores the consociational and integrative
theories to identify a suitable democratic system that would
stabilise Rwanda and Burundi. He analyses the pros and the cons of
the present options adopted by Rwanda and Burundi to address the
question of ethnicity and also assesses the potential of a number
of other solutions.
Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une évaluation de l’impact de l’utilisation des micro-réseaux, à base des systèmes photovoltaïques autonomes, dans le secteur primaire de l’économie Burundaise. ...Dans la première partie de l’article, le travail se focalise d’abord sur une étude de dimensionnement d’un système d’irrigation alimenté par un système autonome comportant des panneaux photovoltaïques (PV) associés à des périphériques de stockage (batteries). Dans la deuxième partie, l’impact est calculé par la technique de la régression multiple et l’estimation des paramètres est faite par la méthode des moindres carrées ordinaires, sous les hypothèses dites stochastiques et structurelles. Les résultats obtenus sont très satisfaisants et nous montrent un impact positif de l’intégration des micro-réseaux, à base des systèmes photovoltaïques autonomes, dans le secteur primaire de l’économie Burundaise.
Women often occupy different roles in a foreign culture. Avoid offensive assumptions and behavior by understanding the position of women in Burundian society: their legal rights; access to education ...and health care; workforce participation; and their dating, marriage, and family life.
Background: Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical countries with significant risk for the pregnant woman and her fetus. It has been reported ...that in sub-Saharan Africa malaria can cause as many as 10,000 cases of malaria-related deaths in pregnancy per year, usually due to severe maternal anemia. Besides, each year, malaria in pregnancy is responsible for 20% of stillbirths and 11% of all newborn deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors contributing to the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Burundi country. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey design to collect information from three hundred and twenty-six pregnant women from the two hospitals enrolled in the study sample using the systematic sampling technique following obtaining consent to participate and data were collected using a validated questionnaire and analyzed using the computer-assisted software statistical; package for social sciences (SPSS)version 20 to generate frequency distribution of responses. Results: Climate change, stagnant water around the house, visits of community health workers, sources of information, health care staff, mosquito net provided, education (nonformal, primary), and employment status (agriculture, civil servant) were the factors contributing the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Burundi. Conclusion: A significant relationship existed between factors contributing to the prevalence of malaria and pregnant women in Burundi, Bujumbura District. This implied that on all these objectives, more efforts are needed to improve the welfare of pregnancy and decrease the prevalence to ensure the protection of the mother and the healthy child. Recommendation: The Ministry of public health could strengthen the IEC to improve the health of pregnant women by using correctly mosquito nets from the first antenatal consultation.
