Pursuing a sustainable energy transition at the city level represents a significant strategic aspect in the worldwide movement toward climate change mitigation and carbon neutrality achievement, as ...global cities account for large proportions of global energy consumption and emission. The current study explores the direction of future energy production and energy systems projecting to 2050. Data were collected from experts in the energy industry and the policy of Busan Metropolitan City, and these data were analyzed via explanatory factor analysis. The results pointed to four factors of future energy production: renewable energies, fossil fuel, bioenergy, and ocean energy. Four factors of future energy systems were also identified: prioritization on mobility and building, the role of actors, interactions between energy producers and consumers, and small-scale production. In general, for future energy production and systems, the experts strongly supported low carbon-intensive energy and distributed generation, respectively. It is also important for the various actors, such as policymakers, producers, and consumers, to be integrated to achieve sustainability and carbon neutrality. An interesting result is that the political orientation of experts led to different preferences, particularly regarding nuclear energy.
•A case study of Busan is examined to learn the direction of city's energy transition.•Utilization of ocean energy was emphasized along with solar, wind and bioenergy.•Energy system on mobility and building/factory should be prioritized.•Role of actors (i.e., authority, business, producer, and consumer) is important.•Perception on nuclear is varied based on the political orientation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Heavy metals in the sediments of urban roads (RDS), storm drains (SDS), and marine areas (MS) were investigated to assess road pollution in a beach town adjacent to the coast in Busan and identify ...their relationships with the marine environment. RDS were considerably polluted with Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb, with mean concentrations of 1090, 178, 171, and 199 mg/kg, respectively. MS were severely contaminated with Zn and Cu, exceeding the effects range median (ERM; Cu = 270, Zn = 410 mg/kg). PCA and HCA identified tire and brake wear in RDS as the major sources of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, and that high levels of Zn, Cu, and Pb in RDS originating from traffic activities contaminated MS through the urban storm drain system. The results suggested that traffic-originated metals in RDS are potential pollutants in coastal environments, and further studies on their fate and management should be conducted.
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•Road deposited sediment (RDS) were considerably polluted with Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb.•The sources of Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb in RDS are mainly from tire and road wears.•Zn, Cu, and Pb in RDS contaminated MS through the urban storm drain system.•Zn in tire wear from urban roads was the most severe threat to the coastal environment.•Measures are needed for the management of non-exhaust emissions from the roads.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Objectives Tree pollen causes allergic rhinitis and asthma. We investigated children who diagnosed as rhinitis or asthma, living in Busan, for tree allergen sensitization, component allergen, oral ...allergy syndrome, and the relationship between pollen counts and allergen sensitization. Methods Pollen were collected in Busan, from January 1 to December 31, 2017, using a Rotorod sampler and enumerated using a microscope. We conducted a study of children with rhinitis or asthma at Busan St. Mary's Hospital in 2017, administered an ISAAC questionnaire, and an oral allergy syndrome survey. Serum specific Ig E tests were performed. Results Among the 57 patients, the mean age was 9.3 years. The pollen counts in decreasing order were as follows: pine, alder, oak, juniper, beech, ginkgo, and birch. For sensitization, birch and alder 35.1%, Japanese cedar 19.3%, juniper 17.5%, pine 10.5%, and Japanese cypress 8.2%. The component Ig E was tested in 27 patients. Bet v 1 had a high correlation with birch, alder, and peach. Bet v 2 showed a statistically significant correlation with all tree pollen except cypress. Bet v 4 did not have any apparent correlation. Bet v 6 had the same pattern as Bet v 2, but correlation coefficient was higher than that of Bet v 2. Oral allergy syndrome was noted in 7 patients, including peach, peanut, apple, tomato, kiwi, and sesame. Conclusions Alder and juniper are clinically important tree pollens in Busan. These pollens cause sensitization to birch and Japanese cedar by cross-reaction.
Superficial radial neuropathy is a purely sensory neuropathy, usually caused by nerve entrapment in the distal forearm. We report a case of superficial radial neuropathy caused by the anomalous ...course of the superficial radial nerve, which was found to be spirally encircling the brachioradialis tendon in the distal forearm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an anatomical variant of the superficial radial nerve that causes neuropathy.
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the monthly average daily and hourly performances of a solar-powered multi-stage direct contact membrane distillation (SMDCMD) system with an energy ...recovery scheme and dynamic operating system. Mid-latitude meteorological data from Busan, Korea is employed, featuring large climate variation over the course of one year. The number of module stages used by the dynamic operating scheme changes dynamically based on the inlet feed temperature of the successive modules, which results in an improvement of the water production and thermal efficiency. The simulations of the SMDCMD system are carried out to investigate the spatial and temporal variations in the feed and permeate temperatures and permeate flux. The monthly average daily water production increases from 0.37m3/day to 0.4m3/day and thermal efficiency increases from 31% to 45% when comparing systems both without and with dynamic operation in December. The water production with respect to collector area ranged from 350m2 to 550m2 and the seawater storage tank volume ranged from 16m3 to 28.8m3, and the solar fraction at various desired feed temperatures from 50°C to 80°C have been investigated in October and December.
•Transient performance evaluation of SMDCMD system is conducted with a dynamic operating scheme.•Meteorological data from Busan, Korea is employed, featuring climate variation over the course of one year.•Monthly system performance has dramatically changed with monthly climate conditions.•System performance enhancement has been achieved with a dynamic operating system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The contributions of various PM2.5 emission sources to ambient PM2.5 levels during 2013 in the main hub port city (Busan, South Korea) of East Asia was quantified using several receptor modeling ...techniques. Three receptor models of principal component analysis/absolute principal component score (PCA/APCS), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and chemical mass balance (CMB) were used to apportion the source of PM2.5 obtained from the target city. The results of the receptor models indicated that the secondary formation of PM2.5 was the dominant (45–60%) contributor to PM2.5 levels in the port city of Busan. The PMF and PCA/APCS suggested that ship emission was a non-negligible contributor of PM2.5 (up to about 10%) in the study area, whereas it was a negligible contributor based on CMB. The magnitude of source contribution estimates to PM2.5 levels differed significantly among these three models due to their limitations (e.g., PM2.5 emission source profiles and restrictions of the models). Potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory analyses indicated that long-range transport from sources in the eastern China and Yellow Sea contributed significantly to the level of PM2.5 in Busan.
•The magnitude of source contribution estimates to PM2.5 levels differed significantly among three receptor models.•Analysis of PM2.5 source apportionment by PMF is likely to be more reliable than that by CMB.•The secondary aerosol was a dominant contributor to PM2.5 levels.•The PMF and PCA/APCS suggested that ship emission was a non-negligible contributor of PM2.5.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations of groundwater in three cities of the Nakdong River Basin in South Korea were quantified to investigate PFAS contamination and the effect of ...PFAS leakage incident that occurred in the study area in 2018. Groundwater PFASs concentration ranged from non-detectable (N.D.) to 36.9 ng/L (mean 14.1 ng/L), in which, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were commonly observed. Compared to long-chain (C ≥ 8) PFAS, short-chain (<C8) PFAS are more commonly detected in groundwater. Statistical differences were found between the groundwater obtained from different land use. PFAS detected in groundwater from industrial land use were significant different (p<0.01) than other land usages. Spatial difference of PFAS concentrations and distributions in groundwater were also found. PFAS concentrations in groundwater at the furthest downstream area (mean 26.4 ng/L) were the highest followed by the middle reaches (mean 16.2 ng/L), and the upstream area (mean 4.3 ng/L). PFHxS, which was detected dominantly in the middle reach areas, contributed 51% of the total PFAS concentration, but was not detected in the upstream area. There was no health risk by drinking groundwater but found the effect of PFHxS leakage incident on groundwater.
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•Twenty six PFAS compounds, including legacy PFAS and alternatives, were investigated.•PFAS concentrations were lower in groundwater than river and tap water.•Short-chain (<C8) PFAS were dominant in groundwater, river water, and tap water.•PFHxS concentrations were high in groundwater where a PFHxS leak occurred.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
9.
Busan Geoje Fixed Link van Westendorp, Peter; Louis, Bard; Jackson, Peter
Tunnelling and underground space technology,
April 2022, 2022-04-00, 20220401, Volume:
122
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
•Immersed tunnel in a seismic sensitive area consisting of 18 tunnel elements.•Total length of 3.6 km, maximum depth of the tunnel is 48 m below sea level.•Founded on a sea bottom varying from weak ...marine clay to bedrock.•Long term wave-weather forecast system, 10 cm wave height accuracy 4 days in advance.•Fine positioning of TE’s by an External Positioning System (EPS).
The Busan Geoje Fixed Link project is one of the landmark projects in South Korea, providing a road connection between Gaduk and Geoje Island near to the city of Busan at the Southern tip of the Korean peninsula. The project consists of two Cable Stayed Bridges, an Immersed Tunnel, rock tunnels and it has a total length is over 8 km.
This paper will focus on the immersed tunnel part of the link and the particular challenges that the project faced in designing and constructing the tunnel, these challenges required a significant evaluation in immersed tunnel technology. The tunnel consists of 18 tunnel elements and has a total length of 3.6 km. The tunnel location was characterised by the following conditions:•a large depth, maximum depth of the tunnel is 48 m below sea level.•the tunnel is located in a seismic sensitive area.•the tunnel is founded largely on weak marine clay, but parts also on bedrock.•part of the tunnel was constructed on a sub sea embankment which is also founded on a weak marine clay.•the tunnel has been constructed in a location that is facing to the Sea of japan and is exposed to a severe wind and wave environment with large long period swell waves present for part of the year.Because for only a few months a year the wave- and weather circumstances were suitable for immersion, extensive numerical and physical model tests were carried out to predict the behaviour of the immersion system for the expected conditions. These model tests were used to determine the wind and wave climate that the immersion system could cope and a go, no-go range of conditions.
Additionally, an accurate, sophisticated short and long term wave and weather forecast system was developed. This system enabled forecasts to be made within a 10 cm wave height accuracy, for periods leading up to the element transport and immersion operations which allowed the immersion operations to be possible within acceptable risks.
The tunnel elements (TE) were built in batches in a pre-cast yard (PC). After inundation of the dock the elements were transported to a mooring location close to the PC-yard for fitting out and to wait for favourable immersion weather.
The elements were immersed using two catamaran pontoons and placed in a previous dredged trench on the sea bed. A taut mooring configuration was used in order to reduce the wave influenced motions to a minimum. Anchor points were created by pre-installed plate anchors.
Due to the total length and installation depth of the tunnel the traditional survey systems using towers and total stations were not suitable. Therefore new survey methods were developed, these included a tautwire system and an Ultra Short Base Line (USBL) acoustic system were used for the positioning of the elements during the immersion operation. Fine positioning of the TE’s under swell wave influence was done using a special designed External Positioning System (EPS) and placed on the pre-laid screeded gravel bed.
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Based on smart tourism technology attributes and destination services, we examine how the smart tourism satisfaction and service satisfaction affect the overall satisfaction of smart tourism city by ...using structural equation model. Results of survey from Seoul, Busan and Jeju in South Korea revealed a slight difference in destination services and service satisfaction relationship among three cities. Multigroup analysis was conducted on the commonly adopted paths. The results also suggest that, smart tourism technology attributes have a positive effect on smart tourism satisfaction in all cities. From the results, we suggest customized discussion by the cities.
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