Discharge capacity is one of the important factors affecting the consolidation behavior of vertical drains (VDs). Both previous experimental tests and field behavior indicated that the discharge ...capacity of VDs usually decreased with an increase in effective stress. The aim of this study is to develop a nonlinear analytical solution for consolidation analysis of VD-installed soft deposits considering a reduction of discharge capacity, in which a nonlinear distribution of VD’s discharge capacity with depth is adopted. To verify this work, the proposed solution is compared with previous solutions. The analyzed results show that at a given time and depth, the consolidation rate in the case of discharge capacity with a nonlinear distribution is lower than that of a linear and constant distribution. The proposed solution is then applied to a real embankment on the VD-installed thick soft ground in Busan New Port. It is shown that the proposed solution using the nonlinear distribution of VD discharge capacity provides a good agreement with the field data.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this paper we suggest that 2011-2012 may mark a paradigm shift in dominant constructions of 'foreign aid' and a substantive shift of power within the architecture of global development governance. ...We evaluate critically the emergence and central principles of the 'aid effectiveness paradigm' over the last 10-15 years, and the various internal and external pressures that have mounted around it. We then discuss the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, a global conference which was held in Busan, South Korea in 2011, which we suggest can be seen as a pivot point in the emergence of a new 'development effectiveness' paradigm. Among other things, this elevates the role of the private sector and re-centres economic growth and enhanced productivity to the core of mainstream 'development' thinking. At the same time, the emerging aid architecture aims to enrol more fully the '(re-) emerging' donors and development partners, and is likely to involve more differentiated commitments to global aid targets and renegotiated 'norms'. This paper provides a commentary on the debates, omissions and achievements of the Busan High Level Forum, with the wider aim of providing critical insights into the current state of flux around foreign aid norms, institutions and governance.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Although there are various preferences for color, the city color planning in South Korea is dominated by the government, and the city color preferences of residents are considered to a less extent. ...Therefore, it results in a question of how to accommodate the diversity of individual preferences. This study took Busan City as an example, using the data collected by the questionnaire survey, first through the chi-square test and nonlinear canonical correlation analysis model to analyze individual attribute factors that distinguish the diversity of city color preferences. It was found that age significantly impacted city color preference, followed by occupation, residential type, educational background, residential location, sex, and monthly income. Regarding the three elements of color, the most significant differences in city color preference were chroma and hue, with slight differences in value preference. Finally, the results were compared with city color guideline to identify the potential conflicts. The findings can provide some recommendations for bottom-up city color planning, and be applied in architectural design and urban regeneration.
This article examines competing claims to political legitimacy and sovereignty in Myanmar's conflict-affected areas of "limited statehood." In the context of ceasefires and an emerging peace process ...since 2012, non-state-controlled "liberated zones" and areas of mixed insurgent and government authority constitute new political spaces, where multiple state and para-state actors demonstrate governance authority, extract resources and provide services to local communities. This article explores the dynamics and implications of these developments with reference to the emerging literatures on "rebel rulers" and "hybrid governance," and examines the practices of donors and aid agencies operating in these areas. I argue that external actors seeking to "think and work politically" should move beyond standard peace-building and development packages based on strengthening the state, and adopt more conflict and context-sensitive approaches. Effective state building should take account of governance structures and service delivery functions established by ethnic armed organisations, which although under-resourced enjoy significant political legitimacy.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Since its 10th Assembly of Busan, 2013, the World Council of Churches (WCC) started a movement that invites us to walk with them: a Pilgrimage for Justice and Peace (PJP), a project looking to foster ...a debate within its members, envisaging to mark the steps to walk towards the world we want. The World Council of Churches (WCC) is the broadest and most inclusive among the many organized expressions of the modern ecumenical movement, a movement whose goal is Christian unity.
A game theoretical analysis of port competition Ishii, Masahiro; Lee, Paul Tae-Woo; Tezuka, Koichiro ...
Transportation research. Part E, Logistics and transportation review,
January 2013, 2013-1-00, 20130101, Volume:
49, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
► A non-cooperative game model is constructed to analyze port competition. ► A unique Nash equilibrium pair of port charges is obtained analytically. ► The effect of capacity expansion on the port ...charges is examined. ► The model is applied to a case study of port competition between Busan and Kobe.
This paper examines the effect of inter-port competition between two ports by applying a game theoretical approach. We construct a non-cooperative game theoretic model where each port selects port charges strategically in the timing of port capacity investment. We derive the Nash equilibrium and obtain some propositions from the equilibrium. We then apply the propositions to the case of inter-port competition between the ports of Busan and Kobe.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A combination of 60 years of seismicity, over 45 years of fault plane solutions of moderate-sized to large earthquakes, and recent databases of high-resolution topography delineate spatial patterns ...of seismogenic faulting in northeastern Asia. Here I synthesize new knowledge with known features in a regional context. Strike-slip faulting characterizes active deformation along the northern and southeastern margins, as well as the interior of this vast region; while normal and reserve faulting dominate its northwestern/southwestern and eastern margins, respectively. Consistent patterns of transpressive and reverse seismogenic faulting persist along the Sakhalin-Hokkaido shear zone and the Eastern Japan Sea fold-and-thrust belt over lengths of over 1000 km each, respectively, but not as throughgoing faults. The latter transitions into strike-slip faulting farther south along the North Chugoku shear zone in southwestern Japan and continues southward into Kyushu. Meanwhile, the true intra-continental, strike-slip Tanlu fault zone reaches an uninterrupted length of about 2000 km. Fault plane solutions, including one from a recent event near the great intra-continental earthquake of 1668, provided much-needed new evidence for the dextral-slip nature of this long fault and a paleo-seismic study confirmed that the entire fault is seismogenic. Meanwhile, active segments of strike-slip faults elsewhere in the North China basin, of lengths less than about 200 km, have been responsible for devastating earthquakes. These observations are noteworthy as the current speed of the ground, based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements, is only 3–4 mm/yr over a length-scale of 3000 km in the entire area of study. Regions of particular concern include: 1) The east coast of South Korea where recent, moderate earthquakes ruptured small sections of an active fault system that has a set of sharp fault scarps extending southward near the metropolitan area of Busan; and 2) the North China basin where intense historical seismicity contrasts with quiescence that persisted since 1976. Overall, no continental block, including the Amurian microplate, is well defined and only the oceanic Japan Sea exhibits little internal deformation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
본 연구의 목적은 일본인 결혼이민자를 대상으로 한국인 배우자와의 만남에서 결혼 그리고 부산으로의 이주까지 그 과정을 분석하고 일본인 결혼이민자의 만남 유형과 그들의 커뮤니티 형성과정을 파악한다. 이를 위하여 2023년 1월 26일부터 2월 9일까지 2000년대 이후 부산에 거주하는 일본인 남녀 결혼이민자를 대상으로 면접조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 부산 ...거주 일본인 결혼이민자들과 한국인 배우자들이 서로 만난 장소에 따라 크게 세 가지 유형으로 설명할 수 있다. 첫 번째 유형은 일본에서 한국과 관련된 일을 통해서 또는 한국으로 취업해서 한국인 배우자를 만난 경우, 두 번째 유형은 제3국 영미권에서 워킹홀리데이 또는 어학연수를 통해 만난 경우, 세 번째 유형은 외국어 공부를 목적으로 가입한 언어교환 앱을 통해 만난 경우다. 또한 일본인 남녀 결혼이민자들의 출신지 대부분이 규슈지역(오이타, 나가사키, 구마모토)과 간사이지역(오사카, 교토)으로 일본의 타지역에 비해 상대적으로 부산과 거리가 가까웠고, 이러한 지리적 근접성이 한국인 배우자와 결혼을 결정하고 부산으로 이주하게 된 주요한 요인이었다. 그리고 이들이 부산에 정착하면서 일본인 여성 결혼이민자들은 부산 생활에 대한 정보공유를 목적으로 비공개 인터넷 커뮤니티를 형성하였으나, 일본인 남성 결혼이민자들은 대면을 통해 소수의 일본인과 만났다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of Japanese marriage immigrants from their initial meeting with Korean spouses to marriage and migration to Busan, as well as to identify the different types of meetings that Japanese marriage immigrants have and the process of forming their communities. To achieve this objective, an interview survey was conducted on Japanese male and female marriage immigrants who have been living in Busan since the 2000s, between January 26 and February 9, 2023. The results can be categorized into three types, depending on where Japanese marriage immigrants living in Busan and their Korean spouses first encountered each other. The first type involves meeting through employment opportunities related to Korea in Japan, finding jobs in Korea, and subsequently marrying a Korean spouse. The second type involves meeting during working holidays or language training programs in third countries. The third type involves connecting through language exchange apps for foreign language study. Additionally, the majority of Japanese male and female marriage immigrants originated from Kyushu (Oita, Nagasaki, Kumamoto) and Kansai (Osaka, Kyoto), regions that are relatively close to Busan compared to other parts of Japan. This geographical proximity played a significant role in their decision to marry Korean spouses and relocate to Busan. As they settled in Busan, Japanese female marriage immigrants established private online communities to exchange information about life in Busan. In contrast, Japanese male marriage immigrants had limited face-to-face interactions with fellow Japanese residents. KCI Citation Count: 0
•Estimation of IDF curves for rainfall data comprises a classical task in hydrology.•Stationary assumption can be inadequate and lead to poor quantile estimates.•We model annual maximum series ...conditioned on the daily rainfall.•The Bayesian beta model is used to produce nonstationary IDF curves for Korea.•Model provides future climate IDF curves based on climate change scenarios.
The estimation of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves for rainfall data comprises a classical task in hydrology studies to support a variety of water resources projects, including urban drainage and the design of flood control structures. In a changing climate, however, traditional approaches based on historical records of rainfall and on the stationary assumption can be inadequate and lead to poor estimates of rainfall intensity quantiles. Climate change scenarios built on General Circulation Models offer a way to access and estimate future changes in spatial and temporal rainfall patterns at the daily scale at the utmost, which is not as fine temporal resolution as required (e.g. hours) to directly estimate IDF curves. In this paper we propose a novel methodology based on a four-parameter beta distribution to estimate IDF curves conditioned on the observed (or simulated) daily rainfall, which becomes the time-varying upper bound of the updated nonstationary beta distribution. The inference is conducted in a Bayesian framework that provides a better way to take into account the uncertainty in the model parameters when building the IDF curves. The proposed model is tested using rainfall data from four stations located in South Korea and projected climate change Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios 6 and 8.5 from the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3-RA model. The results show that the developed model fits the historical data as good as the traditional Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution but is able to produce future IDF curves that significantly differ from the historically based IDF curves. The proposed model predicts for the stations and RCPs scenarios analysed in this work an increase in the intensity of extreme rainfalls of short duration with long return periods.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Zoned magmatic enclaves (MEs) within granitic intrusions provide valuable insights into the pre-intrusive processes involved in the formation of granitic magmas. This study focuses on the Taejongdae ...granite in Busan, Korea, which features uniquely zoned MEs, and aims to constrain the processes involved in their formation. Through a whole-rock geochemistry analysis, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating, and Lu-Hf isotope data, we investigated the geochemical characteristics and origin of the two magmas responsible for the zoned MEs (that is, dioritic and host granite magmas). Our findings have shown that the host granite aligns with the Bulguksa granites in the Gyeongsang Basin, which represent the I-Type magma resulting from the fractionation of magma generated through partial melting of the continental crust. In contrast, the dioritic magma exhibits a low K2O composition, high Sr content, and a positive-to-no Eu anomaly, indicating its formation via amphibole-dominated fractional crystallization under different pressure–temperature conditions. Both magmas share the same Cretaceous age and Hf ratios. The zoned MEs in the study area provide compelling evidence of magma mixing processes that occur between the outer dioritic zone and mafic core of the enclaves. However, the relationship between the outer dioritic zone and the host granite suggests limited interaction between the enclaves and host granite. This implies that mixing within the zoned enclaves occurred prior to enclosure in the host granite. By highlighting the significance of zoned magmatic enclaves, this case study advances our understanding of the pre-intrusive processes involved in the formation of granitic magmas, including magmatic mixing, mingling, and fractionation. These results offer important insights into the origin and geochemical characteristics of the two magmas and their interactions, thus contributing to a broader understanding of crustal evolution in subduction-related settings.
•This study focused on uniquely zoned magmatic enclaves in the Taejongdae granite.•SHRIMP U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopes were used for the study of zoned enclaves.•The low-K and Bulgusa magmas of Taejeongdae share origins, but not fractionation.•Zoned MEs reflect the magmatic processes that took place before pluton intrusion.•Zoned enclaves can form if a magma entrained another (chemically different) magma.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
