Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in coastal sediments from heavily industrialized areas and major harbors in Korea. ∑PBDE
20 concentrations in sediments ranged ...from 2.03 to 2253
ng/g dry weight. PBDE concentrations were higher at estuarine and inner bay locations close to industrial complexes and large harbors, indicating that the PBDE contamination in the sediments is due to local discharges from industrial complexes. Deca-BDE was the predominant congener and the concentrations were comparable to or higher than those reported from other countries. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination showed that deca-BDE technical mixture is the main source of PBDE contamination in Korean coastal waters, with minor contamination by octa-BDE product. This result is consistent with the consumption pattern of brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) in Korea. Significant correlations existed among BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154; however, BDEs 183 and 209 showed little correlation with less highly brominated congeners.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
As smart and environmentally friendly technologies and equipment are introduced in the sea port industry, electric power consumption is expected to rapidly increase. However, there is a paucity of ...research on the creation of electric power management plans, specifically in relation to electric power consumption forecasting, in ports. In order to address this gap, this study forecasts future electric power consumption in Busan New Port (South Korea's largest container port) and, comparing this with the current standard electric power supply capacity, investigated the feasibility of maintaining a stable electric power supply in the future. We applied a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model trained using electric power consumption and throughput data of the last 10 years to forecast the future electric power consumption of Busan New Port. According to the results, electric power consumption is expected to increase at an annual average of 4.9 % until 2040, exceeding the predicted annual 4.7 % increase in throughput during the same period. Given these results, the current standard electric power supply capacity is forecast to reach only 35 % of demand in 2040, indicating that additional electrical power supply facilities will be needed for stable port operation in the future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
본 연구의 목적은 부산의 해양스포츠 시설인프라의 실태와 문제를 살펴보고 정책적 제안을 하는 것이다. 이에 따라 연구문제는 첫째, 부산해양스포츠 시설인프라의 실태와 문제는 무엇인가? 둘째, 부산해양스포츠 활성화를 위한 과제는 무엇인가?로 설정하였다. 연구방법으로는 심층면담, 문헌조사, 현장조사 세 가지 방법을 동원하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 부산해양스포츠 ...시설인프라의 실태와 문제는 ‘무엇을 위한 활성화인가?’에서 ‘요트에 편중된 시설’, ‘체험활동 위주의 시설’의 문제가 드러났으며, ‘손 놓은 지자체’에서는 ‘내 맡겨진 공공성’, ‘미흡한 지원’이라는 문제가 발생하고 있음이 나타났다. 둘째, 부산해양스포츠 활성화를 위한 과제로서 정책적 제안은 ‘해양스포츠 시설의 목표를 명확하게 한다.’ ‘해양스포츠 시설건립·운영 과정을 투명하게 한다.’ ‘해양스포츠 시설운영자의 요구에 맞춰 적극적으로 지원한다.’ 로 나타났다.
The purpose of this study is to review the actual status and to provide the political suggestion. So, the research problems are First, What is the status and problem of facility infrastructure of marine sports in Busan? Second, what is the tasks for the activation of marine sports in Busan. 3 methods including in-depth interview, literature survey and site inspection were mobilized for the method of research. As a result, First, the actual status and the problem of facility infrastructure of marine sports in Busan was revealed the problem of ‘What is the activation for?’, ’Facility that is too focused on yacht’, and ‘experience activity focused facility’, also revealed the problem of ‘indifferent local government’ has ‘Neglected publicity’ and ‘lack of support.’ Second, the political suggestion as a task for the activation of marine sports in Busan showed ‘Clarify the goal of marine sports facility’, ‘Transparentize the process of facility establishment and operation of marine sport’, ‘Actively support according to the need of facility operator of marine sports.’
The importance of the port serving as a starting point for rail transport increases. However, South Korea is located on a part of the peninsula, due to historical and political differences with North ...Korea, it does not have a land connection with the mainland of Asia. South Korea has no experience in international rail transportation and the share of rail transportation means is also low, so it can become a weakness in the formation of the Asian corridor in the future. This paper analyzes the problems of each future hypothetical scenario and what role of Busan Port should have.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
본 연구는 글로컬ODA 관점에서 능동적인 개발협력 주체가 되는 지방정부의 역할을 탐색하고자 했다. 글로벌 개발협력 거버넌스가 변화하고 있고, 그 변화는 다양한 주체들의 참여와 참여에 따른 역할에 기인한다. 이들 참여 주체들은 코로나19와 같은 글로벌 위기와 발전의제에 대해 각기 다른 공간적 위계 속에서 수평적 관계를 맺고 연대하여 대응함으로써 그변화 ...양상을 뚜렷히 보여준다. 이를 설명하는 것이 다층적 거버넌스이며, 이 속에서 공간적위계와 수평적 관계를 매개할 주체로 지방정부의 역할이 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구는 이를글로컬 ODA로 개념화하고, 기존의 국가 중심의 개발협력에서 분권화된 개발협력의 논의와연계하여 지방정부 ODA의 실태와 앞으로의 과제가 무엇인지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 글로컬ODA의 특성을 분석틀로 구조화했고, 국외 지방정부들이 주도하는 분권적 개발협력 동향과사례를 분석했다. 이러한 내용은 국내 지방정부의 ODA 실태 및 구체적인 사례와 비교함으로써 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. 그 결과 국내 지방정부의 경우, 개발협력을 추진함에 있어글로컬 ODA를 지향하고자 하며, 이에 부합한 노력도 일부 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, 글로벌 사회에서 기대하는 역할을 수행하기 위해서는 글로벌 사회 속 구성원으로 지방정부의 역할을 재정의하고, 능동적인 개발협력 주체로 지방정부의 제도, 정책, 자원, 사업 내용을 재정비할 필요가 있었다. 또한, 이러한 역할을 위해 국가 속 지방정부가 아니라 글로벌 사회 속지방정부가 갖춰야 할 관리체계와 역량을 강화해야 함을 본 연구에서 제안했다. This study explored the role of local governments in conducting development cooperation actively by conceptualizing Glocal ODA.
Recently, the global governance of development cooperation has been changed by the presence of various actors and their roles. In a spectrum of changes, it was witnessed that vertical connectivity between global and local aspects in development affairs. COVID-19 ignited horizontal relations for co-existence and solidarity. These were interpreted as multi-level governance which emphasized the role of connecting spatial hierarchy and horizontal relations in development cooperation affairs. Local governments could be an entity to materialize it. This study conceptualized it as Glocal ODA and investigated the current status of ODA conducted by local governments. And then, it was reached to the implications for local governments on how to satisfy the required actions in the changed atmosphere of development cooperation. Traditionally, development cooperation has been regarded as a sector mainly led by nation states and their central governments. It is aligned with the newly discussed issues of decentralised development co-operation. This study carried out an analytical framework presenting the features of Glocal ODA and investigated the trends and cases of decentralized development co-operation by local governments in overseas countries. In order to present the implications for domestic local governments, these were compared with the status and cases of ODA condcuted by local governments in domestic areas. As results, domestic local governments were not critically away from the demands of Glocal ODA but still struggling with the limits. Thus, this study proposed three ideas: redefining the roles of local governments as a part of global society beyond domestic aspects, enhancing the intuitions, policies, resources and contents of development cooperation interventions by local government in pursuit of being active players and empowering the systems and capacities of local governments, the development cooperation actors in global society rather than the entity under the guidance of central governments. KCI Citation Count: 0
•Immersed tunnel in soft soils has been constructed in Europe since the first in the 1960s.•Reliable ground investigations and soil parameters with soil-improvement in mind is important.•There are ...many types of improvement, spanning from replacement, piles to cement deep mixing.•Examples are found all around the world, more examples are expected in the future.•History show that immersed tunnels can be constructed under very difficult soil conditions.
Over the last 20 years, large immersed tunnel projects have been planned, designed and constructed under specially challenging ground conditions with soft soils. This has placed extra demands on gaining knowledge about the ground, analysis of settlement behaviour and preparing a design that better controls the level of settlements. Recent improvements in ground engineering technology has allowed immersed tunnels to be constructed in locations that previously would have been regarded as unfeasible, technically unsound or unreasonably costly for immersed tunnel construction. Different types of modern ground investigation methods have been applied, to gain more accurate and reliable ground information. Advanced numerical methods and large-scale statistical data analysis have led to a better representation of the ground conditions and thereby given opportunities for better estimates of tunnel settlement performance. This paper compares the experience gained from recently designed immersed tunnel foundations on soft soils on tunnel projects such as, Busan-Geoje and HZM-link. The paper will highlight similarities identified on different immersed tunnel projects with regards to ground conditions, alignment and chosen foundations, to highlight that it is worth considering immersed tunnel technology for a large sea-crossing (compared to a bridge or bored tunnel), even though ground conditions may be challenging.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study aimed to improve the clinical course of patients through rapid response by analyzing the characteristics of critically ill patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in ...Busan between December 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021.
We divided patients diagnosed with COVID-19 into mild-to-moderate and critical groups based on their clinical severity. The critically ill patients were further sub-divided into delta and delta variant non-epidemic group.
The following factors were significantly more frequent in critically ill patients than in patients with mild-tomoderate symptoms: male sex, age ≥60 years, symptoms at the time of diagnosis, and those with underlying diseases. The following factors were significantly more common in the non-delta variant epidemic group than in the delta variant epidemic group in critically ill patients: male sex, age ≥60 years, underlying diseases, and not being vaccinated. In the delta variant epidemic group, the duration between confirmation of disease and its progression to critically ill status was significantly shorter than that in the non-delta variant epidemic group.
COVID-19 is characterized by the emergence of new variants and repeated epidemics. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of critically ill patients to efficiently distribute and manage medical resources.
Riverbank filtration is a commonly-used technology that improves water quality by passing river water through aquifers. In this study, a riverbank filtration site in Busan, South Korea, was ...investigated to understand the spatiotemporal evolution of high iron and sulfate concentrations observed in the riverbank-filtered water. Discrepancies between the nonreactive transport results and field measurements suggest that iron-sulfate-related geochemical reactions play a major role in the spatiotemporal evolution of the hydrochemical properties. Pyrite oxidation was hypothesized to be the main process driving the release of iron and sulfate. To test this hypothesis, a reactive transport model was developed, that implemented pyrite oxidation as a kinetic process and subsequent ferrous iron oxidation and ferric iron precipitation as equilibrium processes. The model accurately captured the temporal evolution of sulfate; however, iron concentrations were underestimated. Sensitivity tests revealed that adjusting reaction constants significantly improved the prediction of iron concentrations. The results of this study suggest that pyrite oxidation can affect the hydrochemistry of riverbank-filtered water and highlight the potential limitations of using theoretical reaction constants in field modeling applications.
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•High concentrations of iron and sulfate were observed in riverbank filtered water.•A reactive transport model with pyrite oxidation reproduced iron and sulfate levels.•Pyrite oxidation can explain the release of iron and sulfate at the field site.•The discrepancies between theoretical and field reaction constants are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper describes case studies of debris flow and related events in the Republic of Korea and their causes before considering the actions that are desirable in terms of management and mitigation. ...The paper also considers the obstacles to progress, and, in particular, discusses issues surrounding the governance of land and infrastructure. Experience of other events that occurred in the recent past, including those that have occurred in rural and urban environments is drawn upon. It is concluded that many landslides can be attributed to poor understanding of geomorphological, geological and geotechnical issue and that the causes of debris flows can frequently be attributed to anthropogenic factors. The needs for improved regulations for slope construction and maintenance in mountainous areas of Korea, and for an integrated slope management system are presented.
•1728 landslide fatalities in the Republic of Korea for the period 1970–2017.•Property damage due to landslides is valued at US$500 M to US$1000 M per annum.•Different owners of source/initiation area and elements at risk (infrastructure, buildings).•Specific mitigation measures recommended in the context of land ownership.•New system of landslide governance system recommended for the Republic of Korea.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The greenhouse gases and ultrafine dust generated by ports degrade the environmental quality of life of local residents in port hinterlands. Nevertheless, the hinterland has rarely been considered a ...major target in maritime policy. Our study aims to suggest a practical policy direction for designing a sustainable port hinterland policy from an environmental justice perspective. To explore the possibilities, we used the analytic hierarchy process methodology to examine 20 policymakers who are involved in the port policymaking process and conducted additional interviews. The results show that procedural justice should prioritize the pursuit of sustainable port hinterlands. More precisely, the most urgent task is the institutionalized participation of residents in the hinterland; constructing eco-friendly infrastructure is scored as the next-most important task. Our study highlights the importance of focusing on the hinterland where local residents encounter environmental injustice, suggesting possible and practical policy implications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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