In this study, a qualitative evaluation of the morphological changes in the seabed surrounding Jinwoo-Island due to the construction of the new Busan port were determined through a numerical ...simulation. Various scenarios for the discharge of the Nakdong river estuary dam and construction stage of the new Busan port were established and utilized for an indirect and qualitative investigation through simulation using the numerical model implemented in this study. It was concluded through a qualitative study that the morphological changes in the seabed surrounding Jinwoo-Island were typical estuary seabed changes due to the discharge of the Nakdong river estuary dam and waves from the open sea. The effects from the construction of the new Busan port were relatively small.
Cities have exhibited spatial patterns of expansion or compacting in the process of economic and population growth. South Korea is a well-known example of a country that has experienced rapid ...economic growth and urbanization. This study’s target area, Busan Metropolitan City (BMC), experienced urban growth but, over the past 20 years, underwent economic and population stagnation. How will urban growth patterns change if economic and population growth stagnates? This study aimed to identify changes in urban growth patterns using population and urbanized areas in BMC, South Korea, from 1980 to 2020. It uses Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, Bachi’s Index and the Standard Deviational Ellipse, and Social Network Analysis to identify population concentration, changes in centrality, inland expansion of urbanized land, and centrality of migration. The results showed that (1) BMC’s urban growth pattern extended outward, despite population and economic stagnation since 2000; (2) population and economic stagnation over the next 20 years expanded population polarization in the city’s urban center and outskirts; (3) the built-up area expanded in all directions for 40 years—the centrality of the urbanized area was seen in and around the urban center in 1980 but moved northeast in 2020; and (4) since 2000, when population stagnation first emerged, the centrality of the population in migration has been more evident in the outskirts. These results suggest that if there is no sustainable urban planning and development strategy when growth is stagnant, expansionary urban growth will continue, and cities will reach the growth limit.
Long-term settlement data of a thick soft clay deposit improved by vertical drains frequently shows different field settlement behaviors from laboratory-driven predictions by conventional theories ...due to the variability and uncertainty of the soil properties, modeling simplifications, and types of prediction methods. This paper presents the field application of a back-analysis method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) to evaluate the performance of a new settlement prediction method compared with conventional graphical settlement prediction methods, such as the hyperbolic method and the Asaoka method. The GA back-analysis method shows better flexibility in modifying surcharging plans and adaptability to multi-layered thick soft soil deposits at the early stages of post-construction settlement. Thus, this new settlement prediction method enables geotechnical engineers to subsequently modify the heights of surcharge fills in accordance with field settlement data monitored in the interim for rapid and cost-effective construction. The comparative results show that the GA back-analysis method is capable of superior field performance in settlement predictions compared with two conventional graphical methods, within a margin of less than 200mm in a thick soft clay deposit with multiple layers under complex loading conditions.
•We assessed the field performance of the GA method in settlement prediction.•The GA method shows a higher performance in a multi-layered thick soft soil deposit.•The GA method predicts the final settlement at the early stage of construction.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In this study, the chemical components of aerosols observed at ground level and in upper layers during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign were analyzed in two representative ...metropolitan areas of Korea: the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) and the Busan-containing southeastern metropolitan area (BMA). First, we characterized emissions using the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) emission statistics, and compared them with both ground- and aircraft-based measurements obtained during the KORUS-AQ campaign. The emission statistics showed that the SMA had higher NOx levels, whereas BMA had significantly higher SO2 levels. Ground-level observations averaged for the summer season also showed SMA–nitrate and BMA–sulfate relationships, reflecting the CAPSS emission characteristics of both areas. However, organic carbon (OC) was higher in BMA than SMA by a factor of 1.7, despite comparable volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in the two areas. DC-8 aircraft-based measurements showed that, in most cases, nitrogen-rich localities were found in the SMA, reflecting the emission characteristics of precursors in the two sampling areas, whereas sulfur-rich localities in the BMA were not apparent from either ground-based or aircraft observations. KORUS-AQ measurements were classified according to two synoptic conditions, stagnant (STG) and long-range transport (LRT), and the nitrate-to-sulfate (N/S) ratio in both ground and upper layers was higher in the SMA for both cases. Meanwhile, organic aerosols reflected local emissions characteristics in only the STG case, indicating that this stagnant synoptic condition reflect local aerosol characteristics. The LRT case showed elevated peaks of all species at altitudes of 1.0–3.5 km, indicating the importance of LRT processes for predicting and diagnosing aerosol vertical distributions over Northeast Asia. Other chemical characteristics of aerosols in the two metropolitan areas were also compared.
Soil liquefaction which is a disastrous phenomenon induced by the earthquake, is widely investigated in many researches in geotechnical engineering. In this study, a SPT-N based investigation is ...carried out to assess the susceptibility of liquefaction in Eco-Delta city, located in the southwestern part of Busan city in South Korea. Data from 229 sites are analyzed for the earthquake of 7.5 magnitude with a peak horizontal acceleration of 0.2 g to carry out the liquefaction potential index (LPI) through two deterministic methods which have different factors of safety (FS). The liquefaction probability is investigated by the deterministic and reliability methods and the liquefaction hazard maps are generated. To observe the effect of fines content and plasticity index on the liquefaction susceptibility, three different cases are considered. It is found that among the four approaches used, Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan (OCDI) method showed more sensitivity to changes of fines content and plasticity index. The Eco-Delta city is found to be highly vulnerable to liquefaction having 91% of sites with LPI values greater than 15.
Lee, J.-H., Choi, J.U., Jung, H.-S., Kwon, J.-I., and Woo, H.J., 2019. Development of a Marine Environmental Information System (MEIS) using data on Land–Sea interactions in the Nakdong River ...Estuary, South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 191-195. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Nakdong River in South Korea is about 510 km long and is subject to natural erosion and sedimentation and various potential sources of human pollution, such as urban dumping and input from industrial complexes and many cities. This study developed a marine environmental information system (MEIS) to understand the land–sea interactions and provide data on the characteristics of the brackish water zone around the barrier islands. The MEIS was run in real time (1-s intervals) and made periodic marine observations (one to four times a year). The real-time data were largely obtained from a closed-circuit television and automatic weather stations using long-term evolution communication at two stations in March 2016. Since May 2015, the data have included periodic observations of surface sediment distributions (n = 90), the characteristics of suspended sediments in inlets and channel (n = 4), the brackish water zone environment during spring tide ebb and flood (n = 14, three lines), the seasonal variation in sedimentation along tidal flats (n = 29, three lines), and landscape classifications of the sub-environment (n = 30) in the barrier islands. The collected information includes real-time and a huge heterogeneous dataset characterized by multi-dimensional, multivariate, and spatiotemporal distribution variability. The system enables data management, and open access is necessary. The MEIS will enable effective estuary management and contribute to reducing the damage caused by natural disasters. Real-time prediction information has been integrated with environmental sensitivity index maps, which are provided using a geographic information system to enable a response strategy.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Fucus distichus, a rockweed common to the mid-intertidal shoreline within the San Francisco Estuary (previously known as F. gardneri), was injured during the Cosco Busan oil spill in November 2007 ...and subsequent clean-up actions. Restoration planning activities are underway to help recover F. distichus at sites within central San Francisco Bay where damage occurred. As a first step, we conducted shoreline surveys during the summers of 2012–2013 to map the occurrence of this rockweed. Of the 151.73 km of rocky shoreline within the central bay, F. distichus covered 32.16 km of shoreline. The alga generally occurred in narrow bands but formed expansive beds at locations with natural, flat bedrock benches. We also observed F. distichus on artificial substrata such as seawalls and riprap, but not on pilings. Samples of F. distichus from 11 sites throughout the central / east San Francisco Bay were genetically analyzed (microsatellite genotyping). The populations analyzed (1) had low genetic diversity, (2) the frequency of homozygotes was higher than expected (suggesting high inbreeding), and (3) also displayed geographic population structure, in part driven by very small differences in the midst of extremely low within-population genetic diversity. However, these genetic data do not raise concerns for restoration methods in terms of choosing donor populations and mixing F. distichus from different sites within the central bay. The choice of donor populations should be based on practical criteria for effective restoration; individuals will nonetheless be taken from locations as nearby to donor sites as possible. Various locations throughout the central San Francisco Bay are composed of cobble or small riprap that are populated with F. distichus, which could provide efficient means of translocating rockweed for future restoration activities.
Lee, J.-H.; Jeong, K.-S.; Lee, D.-H.; Park, K.S., and Woo, H.J., 2018. Elemental (C/N Ratios) Isotope compositions (δ13CTOC and δ15NTN) of surface sediments from the barrier islands in the Nakdong ...river estuary, South Korea. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 36–40. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Nakdong River Estuary (NRE) in South Korea is a typical, artificially manipulated estuary that is blocked by two large dams. The estuary is characterized by a barrier-lagoon system with various subenvironments and a microtidal domain with a mean tidal range of 1.07–1.50 m. The stable isotopic values (δ13CTOC and δ15NTN) and elemental (C/N ratios) compositions of organic matter, including those of halophytes, from the barrier islands were investigated in the NRE. In May (n = 94) and August (n = 90) 2015, sediment samples were collected on and around three islands in the NRE. The mean grain size of the barrier island system in the NRE ranged from 1.1 to 8.9 Φ (average 3.9 Φ) and the sediment types included muddy sand, sandy mud, and mud. The relative low C/N ratios (average 5.88) imply that the deposited organic matter originated from autochthonous algae derived-sources. The δ13CTOC ranged from −28.2 to −16.8‰VPDB (average −22.5‰VPDB), with δ15NTN in the range 6.2–12.5‰AIR (average 9.4‰AIR). Two halophytes (Phragmites communis and Scirpus planiculmis) had δ13CTOC values that ranged from −29.0 to −25.3‰VPDB (average −26.5‰VPDB) at ES-R and ES-5. The isotope and elemental composition of sedimentary organic matter (δ13CTOC and δ15NTN) indicated the deposition of algae-derived organic matter with limited input from terrestrial organic matter. These results suggest that the microphytobenthos contribution was greater than the inflow of surrounding land vegetation and sediments to the north of the barrier islands had a marine origin. To the south, the effect was considered mixed. Further studies should determine the effects of end-member discrimination on the origins of the organic matter, such as the advance signature proxy. It is necessary to continue measuring sediments and water in the brackish water zone around the barrier system with on-site monitoring of dam discharge, tidal currents, waves, and, etc.
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In the past two decades, the number of international film festivals strongly increased. As a research topic, however, these festivals have received little attention within economic geography and ...regional studies. The aim of this comparative paper is to explore the institutional history and impact on local economic development of two international film festivals, namely Berlin and Busan, from a co-evolutionary perspective. Based on qualitative empirical fieldwork done in Busan and Berlin we draw two conclusions. First, different institutional structures have led to different ways of success. However, Busan's less stable and tenser institutional configuration may negatively affect the festival in the near future. Secondly, in both cities the festival affects the local economy, albeit in different ways.
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