The relevance of the research consists in discussing the concepts of collectivism and citizenship as phenomena of social interaction of an employee, which is essential for both social and ...organizational psychology. The research objective is to substantiate a model of social interaction of an employee in which collectivism and citizenship act as phenomena of social interaction. Main results: The employee’s collectivism is understood in the proposed model as the employee’s orientation towards satisfying the interests of the interaction partner. Moreover, in the case of mutual collectivism, interaction takes place in the form of cooperation. In accordance with the three types of the employee’s interaction, their collectivism can be scarce (bring practical benefits), self-realization (bring joy), and spiritual (take the form of service). Taking into account the division of collectivism into two types (horizontal and vertical) and the three types of interaction, the study defines six types of collectivism. At the same time, the collectivism of an employee in an organization has its own peculiarities, depending on both their psychological characteristics and the type of organizational culture. Collectivism of the Russian employee is expressed and mainly takes the form of spiritual horizontal collectivism; that is the desire of the employee to help their colleagues selflessly. The citizenship of an employee (readiness for civic behavior) is understood as one of the manifestations of collectivism – spiritual collectivism (willingness to sacrifice one’s interests for the sake of the interests of Another person - a colleague, a subordinate, a supervisor, a primary group, or an organization). Conclusions: The study substantiates a three-component model of the employee’s social interaction. This model makes it possible to single out six types of collectivism and to define citizenship as spiritual collectivism. The specificity of the collectivism of the Russian employee is defined as the expression of spiritual collectivism. Practical significance: The proposed model allows us to develop a) methods for assessing the employee’s orientation to interaction, b) techniques of developing the employee’s collectivism and citizenship.
The development of women’s entrepreneurship has positive implications for societal and economic growth. In this study, we examine the effects of culture and, more specifically, collectivism on ...women’s businesses. With a mixed-method and multilevel approach, we conducted a quantitative country-level analysis followed by a qualitative study of women entrepreneurs. Our results indicate that collectivism at the in-group level (family and close friends and colleagues) is a particularly important predictor of women’s business ownership. Furthermore, it is a balance of both collectivism and individualism at the in-group level that is most conducive to women’s business ownership. Institutional collectivism (at the societal level) acts as a background condition that influences the way in which in-group collectivism directly affects women’s business ownership. More specifically, when engaging in business development, women are primarily influenced by their in-groups. The freedom to pursue individual goals, combined with support from the in-group, provides the most beneficial environment for women to develop businesses, especially in societal-level cultures at the extreme ends of the collectivism spectrum—highly collectivistic or highly individualistic. A better understanding of these cultural factors should help with designing better business development training programs for women entrepreneurs and properly advising policy makers.
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Abstract In the view of individualistic and collectivist cultural orientations as situated cognition, it is assumed that these can be induced and modified to some extent, but questions remain about ...the mechanisms by which this occurs. The results found different effects according to the type of priming, being that the agentive induced more individualistic attitudes than the narrative. The collectivist agentive activated to a lesser extent the independent self-concept, characterized by self-interest, compared to the other types of priming. The theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed. El avance de la comprensión de las interacciones entre psicología y cultura puede tener implicaciones teóricas con aplicaciones prácticas en diferentes escenarios, tales como el diseño de políticas, de estrategias comunicativas, de procesos educativos y de orientaciones para la crianza, capaces de ser sensibles a variaciones culturales sutiles e implícitas (Fernández, 2023). Por lo anterior, la investigación sobre estrategias de priming para estudiar diversas influencias culturales particulares, reviste importancia académica, científica y práctica. Aunque el individualismo-colectivismo cultural es uno de los tópicos más estudiados en psicología social en las últimas décadas (Hogg y Vaughan, 2018; Oyserman, 2002), persisten interrogantes sobre su origen, dinámica y características psicosociales, siendo una de estas acerca de las formas diferenciales en que las estrategias de priming influyen en esta orientación, lo que destaca su carácter si tuacional más que disposicional y complejo más que simple (Oyserman, 2016; Oyserman et al., 2014). Contraria a la visión más tradicional (véase la clasificación realizada por Hofstede, 2001), la investigación más actual sobre individualismo y colectivismo cultural plantea que estas no son categorías estáticas, rígidas ni monolíticas (Bianchi, 2016; Inglehart, 2017, 2018; Triandis y Gelfand, 2012), sino que parecen verse mejor descritas como síndromes culturales, que son un conjunto de elementos subjetivos de la cultura organizados alrededor de un tema central (Triandis, 1993; Vinken et al., 2004), que pueden cambiar dinámicamente de forma consistente en relación con la saliencia del individualismo y el colectivismo de forma crónica y en cada momento (Oyserman y Lee, 2008). De esta manera, por ejemplo, cuando las condiciones de seguridad existencial permiten una mayor autonomía individual entonces el individualismo se haría más saliente, mientras que cuando tales condiciones de vida son más restrictivas, amenazantes e inseguras, dificultan la autonomía, volviendo más salientes al colectivismo y la centralidad del grupo, del cual se percibe mayor dependencia (Inglehart, 2018; Páez et al., 2003; Thornhill y Fincher, 2014; Triandis, 1993). Cultura como cognición situada La visión de las orientaciones culturales como síndromes culturales es consistente con la visión de la cultura como cognición situada (Oyserman, 2015; Oyserman et al., 2014), pues en ambos casos se asume la cultura como un proceso cambiante y no estático, que emerge como parte de la respuesta humana adaptativa ante los retos del contexto, que caracterizan la evolución cultural como un proceso rápido y ágil frente a la evolución biológica como un proceso lento y paulatino (Harari, 2015). En este sentido, la teoría de la cognición situada propone que el contexto físico y social impactan en el pensamiento, sentimiento y acción de las personas, a menudo de manera inconsciente; es decir, que la cognición no es un proceso libre del entorno en que ocurre, sino que, en gran parte, se refiere u obedece a este. Desde esta perspectiva, describir una cultura como de orientación individualista o colectivista quiere decir que los miembros de esta tienen frente a sí, con mayor frecuencia, elementos y demandas contextuales propias de una u otra orientación cultural donde lo que se vuelve más central es "ir en tu propia dirección" o "prestar más atención a tu grupo social" (Oyserman, 2016).
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We develop a theory explaining how collectivism causes people to “blur” demographic differences, that is, to see less diversity than actually exists in a group, and reconciling contradictions in how ...collectivistic norms influence group performance. We draw on the perceived diversity literature, hypothesizing that collectivistic norms cause group members to blur demographic differences, resulting in perceptions that group members are more similar than they actually are. Whether this benefits or harms group performance depends on the group’s objective diversity and the relevance of the perceived diversity attribute for accomplishing the task. For conjunctive tasks, the group’s performance is determined by its weakest member, demanding high levels of cohesion. Our theory suggests that collectivism benefits group conjunctive performance when objective national diversity is high by blurring divisive relational differences but has no effect in groups with low objective national diversity. In contrast, for disjunctive tasks, the group’s performance is determined by its best member. We predict that collectivism harms group disjunctive performance when objective expertness diversity is high by blurring differences in task-relevant expertness but has no effect in low objective expertness diversity groups. We find support for our theory in two studies, an archival study of 5,214 Himalayan climbing expeditions and a laboratory experiment assessing 366 groups. Our results show that collectivism has benefits and detriments for diverse groups and that these contradictory effects can be understood by identifying how the collectivistic blurring of perceived group diversity helps or hurts groups based on the type of tasks on which they are working.
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Loneliness in Europe Swader, Christopher S.
Social forces,
03/2019, Volume:
97, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article explains perceived loneliness among people in Europe by accounting for cultural factors as well as social isolation. Culturally, it measures the impact of both personal and societal ...individualism-collectivism on loneliness. It accounts for social isolation by looking at the separate effects of living alone, emotional isolation, and relational isolation. Using a 2014 European Social Survey sample comprising 36,760 individuals in 21 countries, the study predicts loneliness using multilevel logistic regression modeling using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation procedures. Results indicate that societal individualism may strongly reduce loneliness, even after taking into account that social isolation partially mediates this relationship. Further, the effects of living alone and relational isolation depend upon whether one is personally an individualist or collectivist. Living alone and relational isolation greatly increase loneliness, and such negative effects are somewhat reduced for individualists. However, individualists are not protected from the negative impacts of emotional isolation at all, and the above moderation effects do not hold for the most severe forms of loneliness. Based on this analysis, the best case for reduced loneliness for individualists and collectivists alike is that they maintain a strong degree of multiple forms of social integration and live in an individualist society.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Estos varían de 0 a 1, con valores en el margen de los 0.80 y 0.90, o superior indicando un ajuste satisfactorio. * El Comparative Fit Index (CFI) compara, de forma general, el modelo estimado y el ...modelo nulo, considerando valores más próximos de uno como indicadores de ajuste satisfactorio (Hair et al., 2005). * La Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), con su intervalo de confianza del 90% (ICun 90%), es considerado un indicador de «maldad» de ajuste es decir, valores altos indican un modelo no ajustado. Se asume como ideal que el RMSEA se sitúe entre 0.05 y 0.08, aceptándose valores de hasta 0.10 (Garson, 2003; Kelloway, 1998). * El Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI) y el Consistent Akaike Information Criterion (CAIC) son indicadores generalmente empleados para evaluar la adecuación de un modelo determinado en relación a otro. Morality in young offenders: retrospective cohort study. Transformational Leadership: The Influence of Culture on the Leadership Behaviours of Expatriate Managers.
In this research, we simultaneously examined the relative applicability of person-environment fit and relative deprivation theories in explaining the interactive effects of perceived ...overqualification and collectivism cultural orientations on positive outcomes. We hypothesized that the negative (positive) influence of perceived overqualification on person-environment fit (relative deprivation) will be weaker among employees with high collectivism cultural orientation. We also examined which of these two different mechanisms would explain the hypothesized interactive effects in predicting these workers’ citizenship behavior, personal initiative, work engagement, and life satisfaction. We tested our hypotheses in two studies. In Study 1, we recruited professional staff (n = 852) and their coworkers (n = 301) from 95 universities and tested our hypotheses in a matched sample of 190 employees and their peers. The moderated mediation results supported the idea of person-environment fit (but not relative deprivation) as the mechanism explaining why collectivism orientations assuaged the negative effects of perceived overqualification on these outcomes. We constructively replicated these results in Study 2, which was a time-lagged design with full-time employees (n = 224). Study 2’s results further supported the robustness of our model by testing alternative moderators, mediators, and outcomes.
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