Adipose tissue is implicated in many endocrine and metabolic processes. Leptin was among the first identified adipose-secreted factors, which act in an auto-, para- and endocrine manner. Since ...leptin, many other adipose tissue factors were determined, some primarily secreted from the adipocytes, some from other cells of the adipose tissue.
So-called adipokines are not only involved in obesity and its complications, as are insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and other components of the metabolic syndrome, but also in growth, reproduction, bone metabolism, immune response, cancer development and many other important biological processes. Research in the field of adipokines has revealed new insights into the physiological and pathophysiologal processes and opened new therapeutic possibilities. In the present article, a special emphasis is devoted to research in children and adolescents.
Maščobno tkivo ima vlogo pri številnih endokrinih in presnovnih procesih. Lepin je bil med prvimi odkritimi dejavniki iz maščobnega tkiva, ki delujejo avto-, para- in endokrino. Od opredelitve leptina so odkrili še številne druge dejavnike, od katerih se nekateri izločajo iz maščobnih celic, nekateri pa iz drugih celic maščobnega tkiva.
Tako imenovani adipokini niso povezani le z debelostjo in njenimi zapleti, kot so rezistenca proti inzulinu, sladkorna bolezen tipa 2 in druge komponente metabolnega sindroma, temveč tudi z rastjo, razmnoževanjem, presnovo kosti, imunskim odzivom, razvojem rakavih bolezni in mnogimi drugimi pomembnimi biološkimi procesi. Raziskave na področju adipokinov so opredelile nove fiziološke in patofiziološke procese in odprle nove možnosti zdravljenja. V tem prispevku poseben poudarek namenjamo raziskavam pri otrocih in mladostnikih.
Izhodišča: V razvitem svetu se zaznava izrazit porast prekomerne prehranjenosti in debelosti med otroki in mladostniki. V raziskavi smo analizirali prekomerno prehranjenost in debelost med ...ljubljanskimi osnovnošolci, starimi od sedem do štirinajst let, v obdobju po osamosvojitvi Slovenije.
Economic aspects of obesity prevention Cecchini, Michele; Sassi, Franco
Bilten : ekonomika, organizacija, informatika v zdravstvu,
01/2011, Volume:
27, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Governments in OECD countries have intervened in a variety of ways to improve diets, increase physical activity and tackle obesity in recent years. The preventive interventions assessed in this ...analysis are drawn from the most commonly used approaches, including: health education and health promotion (mass media campaigns, school-based interventions, worksite interventions); regulation and fiscal measures (fiscal measures altering the prices of healthy and unhealthy foods, regulation of food advertising to children and mandatory nutrition labelling); and, counselling of individuals at risk in primary care. This report examines the characteristics, the costs and the relative success of each approach in improving health outcomes and social disparities in health, with specific reference to the European context.
V zadnjih letih so vlade držav OECD (Organizacije za gospodarsko sodelovanje in razvoj) posredovale na različne načine, da bi izboljšale prehranjevanje, spodbudile povečanje telesne dejavnosti v boju proti debelosti. Preventivni ukrepi, ocenjeni v tej analizi, so sestavljeni iz naslednjih najpogosteje uporabljenih pristopov: zdravstvena vzgoja in promocija zdravja (akcije javnega obveščanja, v šolah in na delovnem mestu), pravna ureditev in fiskalni ukrepi (fiskalni ukrepi spreminjajo cene zdrave in nezdrave hrane, urejajo oglaševanje hrane za otroke in predpisujejo obvezno označevanje hranilne vrednosti) ter svetovanje posameznikom, ki sodijo v bolj izpostavljene skupine, na ravni primarnega zdravstva. Prispevek preučuje lastnosti, stroške in relativni uspeh vsakega pristopa pri izboljšanju zdravstvenih rezultatov in socialnih razlik v zdravju s posebnim poudarkom na evropsko okolje.
Porast debelosti v moderni družbi je povezan z večjo pojavnostjo z debelostjo povezanih bolezni in predstavlja veliko finančno breme za javno zdravstvo. Pomembno odkritje na področju mikrobiologije ...prebavnega trakta sesalcev je povezano z vlogo prebavne mikrobiote pri razvoju debelosti. Z novimi molekularnimi metodami in poskusi z gnotobiotskimi živalmi so do neke mere pojasnili udeležbo prebavne mikrobiote pri uravnavanju telesne mase in energijskega ravnovesja gostitelja. Prebavna mikrobiota vpliva na vnos hranil in porabo energije iz hrane in pospešuje shranjevanje le-te v maščobna tkiva s procesi fermentacije, olajšane absorpcije in tudi z vplivom na izražanje gostiteljevih genov (protein Fiaf) ter na aktivnost gostiteljevih encimov (proteinska kinaza AMPK). Pri debelih miših in ljudeh je prebavna mikrobiota dokazano bolj učinkovita pri izkoriščanju energije iz hrane kot pri suhih. osebkih. Obstajajo značilne razlike v sestavi mikrobne združbe glede na debel oz. suh fenotip. V prebavilih debelih živali in ljudi se dosledno kaže povišan delež predstavnikov bakterij iz debla Firmicutes na račun zmanjšanja predstavnikov debla Bacteroidetes, obe prevladujoči debli pa v prebavilih sesalcev skupaj predstavljata do 90 % vseh bakterij. Izkazalo se je, da je prebavna mikrobiota udeležena tudi pri patofiziologiji debelosti preko dejavnikov, kot je mikrobni LPS. Rezultati raziskav kažejo, da lahko spremembe deleža maščob v hrani vplivajo na sestavo mikrobne združbe ter da te spremembe vplivajo na pojavnost metabolnih bolezni. Odpira se novo področje manipulacije prebavne mikrobiote za zdravljenje debelosti in z njo povezanih bolezni.
The increased prevalence of obesity in modern society is associated with incidence of obesity related diseases and represents a financial burden on public health. Important discovery in the field of microbial ecology of the gut was the possible involvement of the gut microbiota in obesity development. Using new molecular techniques and gnotobiotic animal models has revealed the relation between the regulation of body mass and energy balance of the host with the microbial community of the gut. Gut microbiota affects nutrient intake, facilitate the extraction of energy from food and promote storage of the calories in host adipose tissue through processes of fermentation, absorption and through the effect on the expression of host genes (e.g. Fiaf) and the activity of host enzymes (e.g. AMPK). In obese mice and humans the gut microbiota is clearly able to obtain energy from food more effectively as in the lean subjects. There are significant differences in the composition of microbial communities in relation to fat vs. lean phenotype. In the gut of obese animals and humans the increased proportion of the Firmicutes at the expense on Bacteroidetes was consistently detected. Both are the dominant bacterial groups in mammalian gastrointestinal tract, accounting together for 90% of all bacteria. It has been shown that gut microbiota is involved also in patophysiology of obesity through factors such as microbial LPS. Existing results show that high fat diet can affect the composition of microbial community in the gut and that these changes can further affect the incidence of metabolic disease. This evidence potentially opens a new field of manipulation of the gut microbiota as a new strategy to treat obesity and related diseases.
Correlations between obesity and asthma control in children: Hungarian primary care pilot study Introduction: Asthma is often associated with overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to find ...associations between asthma control, obesity and different levels of physical activity. Methods: Using a questionnaire, 117 asthmatic patients between 6-18 years of age were interviewed. Two groups of children, normal vs. overweight, at different levels of physical activity (sport, school-based proper or light activity and full physical exemption) were compared. Asthma control was evaluated in two groups (controlled vs. non or partially controlled). Results: The asthmatic status was generally controlled in 78%; in 81% and 72% of patients with a normal weight and overweight, respectively. Being overweight was more common among girls than boys (43.2% vs. 30.3%). A positive family history of asthma was revealed in many cases; the prevalence of asthma was found at 63% (P=0.0074) among the parents. Weight was significantly higher when the parents themselves were overweight. A lightened workload in physical education lessons at school doubled the risk of obesity (P=0.25), while full exemption increased it by six times (P=0.06). High bodyweight was found in 37% and 31% of children who had received steroid medication and other treatment, respectively (P=0.57). Conclusion: High bodyweight and physical inactivity worsened the chances of effective asthma treatment, while sport improved it. The rates of physical activity among the surveyed patients were lower than recommended. More focus is needed; paediatricians, school-teachers and parents should pay more attention to the issue when establishing a proper family background for healthier lifestyles. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Debelost je kompleksna lastnost, ki jo določa delovanje genetskih dejavnikov in dejavnikov okolja. Genetski dejavniki debelosti so geni, ki imajo vlogo pri vzpostavljanju energetskega ravnovesja, ...razgrajevanju hranilnih snovi, metabolizmu maščob ter pri različnih vedenjskih lastnostih. Na energetsko ravnovesje in telesno maso organizma vpliva centralni živčni sistem. Ključna regija za uravnavanje metabolizma in porabe energije je hipotalamus, ki sproži nevro-humoralni odgovor na zaznane senzorične informacije. Pri tem sodelujejo različni hormoni, nevropeptidi in nevrotransmiterji. Genetska osnova za debelost je v večini primerov večgenska, kar pomeni, da razvoj debelosti nadzoruje več kromosomskih regij, imenovanih kvantitativni lokusi. Za razumevanje genetske in fiziološke osnove debelosti so pomembni številni in raznoliki modeli glodalcev za debelost. Znanih je veliko enogenskih mišjih modelov, s katerimi lahko proučujemo vpliv mutacij v enem genu na razvoj debelosti. Za raziskovanje večgenske osnove debelosti pa so zelo primerni večgenski mišji modeli, ki so rezultat dolgoročne selekcije različnih lastnosti, povezanih z debelostjo.
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