The above article from Development Policy Review, published as Accepted Article online on 12 June 2019 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been withdrawn by agreement among ...the authors, the Journal Editor‐in‐Chief Annalisa Prizzon and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. on behalf of Overseas Development Institute. The withdrawal has been agreed because the paper was published inadvertently as the result of an administrative error.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Examines when implementing agencies of development projects comply with donor governments’ human rights policies.•Uses machine learning to collect data on human rights mainstreaming from 761 ...proposals of German development projects.•Most projects implement measures for preventing human rights abuses but do not actively promote human rights standards.•The policy sector and the implementing agency’s organizational context explain variation in human rights mainstreaming.•If a partner government violates human rights, agencies prioritize promoting marginalized groups over state actors.
When are human rights integrated into bilateral development cooperation projects? While researchers investigated human rights mainstreaming in development policy and the allocation of foreign aid across states, we lack systematic evidence of effective implementation of human rights mainstreaming at project level. Drawing on principal-agent-theory, we formulate expectations on the conditions under which implementing agencies of development projects comply with donor governments’ requirement for human rights mainstreaming. Using supervised text classification and mixed effects regressions on 761 German development project proposals, we find that mainstreaming is incomplete across projects and primarily focusses on measures to prevent abuses rather than to proactively promote human rights. Implementing agencies better comply with mainstreaming policies in sectors whose objectives are linked to human right priorities, e.g., in the health or education sectors. Human rights mainstreaming also becomes more likely if agencies have more organizational resources and less autonomy from the donor government. The human rights record of the partner government does not influence the extent of human rights mainstreaming but affects how exactly mainstreaming is implemented. Specifically, when partner governments violate human rights, implementing agencies avoid working with state actors and prioritize empowering marginalized groups. This suggests that implementing agencies bypass state actors to reduce the operational and political costs of integrating human rights in development projects. Our findings underscore the need to be attentive to the costs of human rights mainstreaming for development cooperation agencies and implement better follow-up and donor enforcement mechanisms to close the gap between donors’ human rights commitments and effective implementation at project level.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In the past few years decision‐making processes and the normative underpinnings of EU external relations have become subject to intense debate in the European institutions, member states and the ...wider public. Previous research suggests that there is variation in the extent to which individual domains of EU external relations are politicized and contested. This special issue aims to theorize further and investigate empirically this, using the example of European development policy and its relations with other external policies. We introduce two new mechanisms that drive politicization dynamics. We argue that politicization can be diffused horizontally from one policy field to another, which we call horizontal politicization. We also investigate how the politicization of EU external policies in third countries occurs and influences politicization dynamics in the EU, which we call outside‐in politicization. The introduction to the special issue presents our theoretical approach and summarizes the key findings from the special issue.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PRFLJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Discusses the efforts world-wide to create ‘smart cities’ using information technologies.•Reviews the spatial factors which differentiate smart city development policies on the basis of four ...strategic choices.•Presents the advantages and disadvantages of each strategic choice.•Illustrates smart city strategy case studies from all over the world.
This paper reviews the factors which differentiate policies for the development of smart cities, in an effort to provide a clear view of the strategic choices that come forth when mapping out such a strategy. The paper commences with a review and categorization of four strategic choices with a spatial reference, on the basis of the recent smart city literature and experience. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategic choice are presented. In the second part of the paper, the previous choices are illustrated through smart city strategy cases from all over the world. The third part of the paper includes recommendations for the development of smart cities based on the combined conclusions of the previous parts. The paper closes with a discussion of the insights that were provided and recommendations for future research areas.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Gully land consolidation (GLC) could contribute to the optimization of land use structure and landscape pattern.•GLC could also help to guarantee the ecological security of watershed.•Limited ...development capacity and collective action could restrict local community’s social-economic response to GLC.•Land consolidation should be seen and evaluated in a broader rural development context.•The theory of human-environment system provides new perspective for analyzing the effects of land consolidation.
Exploring the impact of land consolidation on the evolution of rural human-environment system (HES) is of positive significance for optimizing land consolidation model and innovating rural development policy. Taken a typical small watershed in Yan'an city as case study area, this paper explored the impact of gully land consolidation (GLC) on local HES from the perspectives of land use, landscape pattern, ecological security, social-economic response and comprehensive evaluation, based on high-resolution remote sensing image data, landscape pattern analysis and household surveys. The results showed that: (1) GLC could contribute to the improvement of land use structure. The terraces, sloping fields, shrub land and grassland at the bottom and both sides of the gully were mostly converted to high quality check dam land. Some of the shrub land were converted to more ecologically suitable native forest due to biological measures. (2) GLC could also help to optimize the landscape pattern. The average patch area and patch cohesion index of the check dam land increased, which indicated that the function of production improved. The landscape shape index and patch cohesion index of forestland and shrub land kept at a high level, and thus their ecological function was stable. At the watershed level, the fragmentation degree of landscape decreased, the landscape tended to be more diversified and balanced, and the anti-jamming capability of landscape and stability of ecosystem improved. (3) GLC have positive effects on the ecological security. Vegetation cover, ecological environment and capacity of flood control improved significantly, and soil erosion decreased by 55%. And (4) human activities responded to the changes of geographical environment. The scale of agricultural production, agricultural mechanization, diversity and non-agriculturalization of employment increased. However, the structure of agriculture is still unitary, the efficiency of agriculture is still low, and rural development is still relatively lagging. Field investigations showed that insufficient public participation, and lack of leadership and overall planning for sustainable utilization of resources and environment are the main reasons. A ladder model has been proposed for better understanding the impacts of land consolidation on territorial human-environment system in rural China. This paper suggests that land consolidation should be seen and evaluated in a broader rural development context, and more efforts should be made to innovate the rural governance mechanism of “common consultation and collective action”, thereby exerting the comprehensive effectiveness of land consolidation and promoting the transformation development and revitalization of territorial rural HES.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cities worldwide are attempting to transform themselves into smart cities. Recent cases and studies show that a key factor in this transformation is the use of urban big data from stakeholders and ...physical objects in cities. However, the knowledge and framework for data use for smart cities remain relatively unknown. This paper reports findings from an analysis of various use cases of big data in cities worldwide and the authors' four projects with government organizations toward developing smart cities. Specifically, this paper classifies the urban data use cases into four reference models and identifies six challenges in transforming data into information for smart cities. Furthermore, building upon the relevant literature, this paper proposes five considerations for addressing the challenges in implementing the reference models in real-world applications. The reference models, challenges, and considerations collectively form a framework for data use for smart cities. This paper will contribute to urban planning and policy development in the modern data-rich economy.
•We analyze and classify urban data use cases into four reference models.•We identify six challenges in transforming data into information for smart cities.•We give five considerations to address the challenges in implementing the models.•The challenges and considerations are based on four action research projects with government.•Our findings can aid urban planning and policy development in a data-rich economy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
With the development of information technology and its innovative applications in the field of environmental protection, the role of the internet in energy conservation and emission reduction has ...become increasingly prominent. Based on panel data from 30 provinces from 2006 to 2017 and 196 cities from 2011 to 2018 in China, this study utilizes the SBM (Slack-Based Measure) model to evaluate energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. The OLS, Spatial Durbin model, threshold model, mediating effect model, and DID (Difference in Difference) model are employed to study the direct effect, spatial spillover effect, nonlinear relationship, transmission mechanism, and policy effect of internet development on energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. The empirical results indicate that internet development has significantly promoted energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. This conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests, including IV estimation, and the substitution of dependent and independent variables. The gradual DID model based on the quasi natural experiment of “Broadband China” further proves the causal relationship between internet development and energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. Internet development can improve the latter through technological progress, energy structure, human capital, and openness. Interestingly, the impact of internet development on the energy saving and emission reduction efficiency of adjacent areas also has a significantly positive spatial spillover effect, which still exists under the spatial weight matrix of different distances. There is also solid evidence that the impact of internet development on energy saving and emission reduction efficiency is non-linear under different levels of technological progress, energy structure, human capital, and openness.
•Energy-saving and emission reduction of the 30 provinces and 196 cities in China are estimated.•The influence of internet on energy saving and emission reduction is investigated.•A Space-Durbin model that addresses potential spatial spillover factors is employed.•Internet development has significant effects on energy saving and emission reduction.•Technological progress, energy structure, human capital and openness are helpful to energy-saving.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This article highlights the role of external audiences and their perceptions in analysing the politicization of EU development policy. We analyse how EU foreign assistance is understood in two ...different intermediary arenas of politicization – elites in different societal sectors and media – within Ukraine, a major recipient of EU aid. By investigating to what extent EU assistance is perceived to be politicized, in terms of salience and polarization we contribute to the debate on outside‐in politicization. Applying a perceptual approach to EU foreign policy studies, we focus on Ukrainian images of Self in its relation to the EU as a development actor and on Ukraine's evaluations of EU assistance. We consult the theory of framing and propose an operationalization of salience in terms of visibility, cultural congruence and emotive charge. We use the typology of cognitive, evaluative and affective images from political psychology to operationalize the notion of polarization.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PRFLJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Paradigm of the theory of urban bias is an effective tool to understand China's land development policy.•Policy is measured by the extent to which compensation deviates from the market value of ...expropriated land.•Effect of urban-biased land development on the urban-rural income gap is robust, significant, and positive.•This effect is attributed to an unbalanced urban-rural income growth associated with the land development.
Developing countries generally face the challenge of significant urban-rural divides during their process of industrialization and urbanization. Following the paradigm of the theory of urban bias (TUB), this article focuses on the urban-biased land development policy (UBLDP) in contemporary China, which refers that local governments expropriate rural land with the inadequate compensation and use a considerable share of net land revenue to develop urban areas instead of rural areas. On the basis of pointing out three practical facts about and proposing the technique to measure the UBLDP, its influence on the urban-rural income gap (URIG) is investigated by employing the GMM dynamic model along with panel data from Hubei Province over the period of 2010-2016. The results show that a 1% increase in the extent to which compensation deviates from the market value of expropriated rural land (ERL) leads to a 0.46% increase in the URIG, while this effect is attributed to an unbalanced urban-rural income growth associated with the land development. These findings not only generate a broad of direct implications for Chinese policymakers but also provide lessons for other developing countries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
...Sheinbaum, a climate scientist and former Mexico City mayor, has promised to improve health care through a focus on prevention, modernisation, and improved training for practitioners. “There is no ...way to improve the health system if we do not increase health spending by at least 1 percentage point of GDP”, said Octavio Gómez Dantes, a researcher in health systems at the National Institute of Public Health. Eliminating Seguro Popular left 39·1% of Mexicans without health coverage in 2022, an increase from 16·2% in 2018, according to a 2022 survey by the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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