Nacionalizacija glasbe je intenzivnejša v tistih glasbenih zvrsteh, ki jih narod prepozna kot tradicionalne. Pomembno vlogo pri tem pa imajo strokovnjaki, izvajalci, ustvarjalci, kulturna politika, ...potrošniki in množični mediji. Dom in domovina sta v svoji predstavni podobi ključna označevalca narodne pripadnosti. Toda v sodobnem kontekstu migracij je tudi pojem doma dobil nove konceptualne okvire. Avtorica v članku izhaja iz ugotovitev sodobnih študij doma v okolju migracij in jih primerja z njegovimi reprezentacijami v slovenski narodnozabavni glasbi, kjer kot prevladujoči označevalci narodnega nastopajo dom, domovina, Slovenija, hrepenenje, planine, slovenski kraji in mati.
The aim of this article is to present one aspect discussed by informants from three different studies on Croatian (trans)migrants and returnees: a study of recent generations of Croatian immigrants ...in Austria, of (trans)migrants from Žumberak and of Croatian descendants from overseas countries. At the centre of attention is the issue of return connected and intertwined with the multi-layered notions of home, homeland and native country. The corpus for this article is based on the excerpts of language biographies, i.e., narrative interviews (Franceschini, 2001; Nekvapil, 2004; Barth, 2004; Piškorec, 2007) collected and conducted during the abovementioned (field) studies of various Croatian communities abroad. In order to illustrate the topic in question, several language biographies of transmigrants from Žumberak (2013–2015) and Croatian immigrants in Austria (2016 and 2017), as well as language biographies of informants with Croatian background (from 2019) born abroad who decided to move to Croatia permanently were taken into consideration. A short overview of the methodology used in the research, an overview of Croatian migration, and a corpus description are followed by an analysis of chosen language biographies, i.e. narrative interviews. The corpus was analysed using primarily language biographical methods in line with Franceschini’s definition of language biographies with slight modifications since the language biographies from the corpus were obtained both as interviews and in written form, mostly as “extensions” of the interviews and additional information. In the interviews, which lasted from 45 minutes to more than three hours, the informants discussed various (autobiographical) domains and aspects, especially regarding their family and growing up, school and education, workplace, experiences in their new or second homeland, connection(s) with Croatia, possibilities of returning to Croatia, etc. It is important to mention that the underlying thoughts and attitudes on language and identity can be found in almost all discussed aspects. The qualitative part of the study on Croats in Austria includes narrative interviews with 10 female and 11 male informants. The youngest one was 14, and the oldest one was 65 years old. The study was conducted in 2016 and 2017, primarily in Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, and Innsbruck. The informants are members of the first and second generations of Croats in Austria. Most of them came to Austria in the 1990s, but some of them have been there only for several years and could be considered the newest migrant wave after Croatia’s accession to the EU. The corpus of narrative interviews with informants from Žumberak is comprised of 28 interviews with 10 female and 18 male informants. The oldest one was 84, and the youngest one was 21 years old. This field research was conducted between the spring of 2013 and the summer of 2015. Most informants were born in Žumberak, three in Germany, one in Samobor, and one in Zagreb, Karlovac and Windsor in Canada. The majority of informants were working or are still living and working in Germany, three of them in Switzerland, four in Canada, and one female informant is still living in the USA. When analysing this group of informants, it should be pointed out that they are not tied only to the European but also to the overseas countries. Moreover, Žumberak is also exposed to the so-called inner migrations, i.e. migrations from Žumberak to larger centres and towns within Croatia, which also plays a role when discussing the issues of home and return. From the third corpus, five interviews with one female and four male informants from Australia, the USA, Venezuela and Canada were analysed. The first interviews were conducted in September 2019, but due to the pandemic, the research could be continued only in 2021. In the analysis of the selected (parts of) interviews, informants were divided into several categories based on their relation to homeland and return. In the first and third categories, the informants from two groups, those from the Žumberak corpus (Ž) and the Austrian corpus (A), can be found; in the second category, only from the corpus Ž, and in the fourth, only from the corpus A. The informants from overseas countries are placed into a separate category (P) since their stories and narratives significantly differ from those of the informants from the other four categories. It should be pointed out that the analysis in this paper presents only one possible categorisation with the aim of gaining a better overview of the topic. These and similar categorisation attempts might be very vague since some of the informants may be categorised into more than one category. The informants from the first category consider Croatia their only homeland. They were born in Croatia and left their home when they were in their twenties, which suggests that they spent their childhood and early adulthood in Croatia and then left “temporarily,” mostly for economic reasons, but they are still living there. They all talk about returning as pensioners, but those who are already retired and who formally returned to Croatia still spend several months every year abroad because their children, grandchildren and friends are there. In the second category, there are informants who also consider Croatia their homeland, but at the same time point out their closeness to their other home abroad. Some even claim that they feel more like strangers in Croatia. This is meant to show that the notion of homeland bears a strong emotional value, at least for the informants of Croatian descent from the conducted studies, and that everyday life and reality are another dimension. The third category includes informants who would say that Croatia was their homeland, but in their second homeland, they feel at home and do not have illusions regarding return. In this research, there were only a few such examples, but such attitudes are very realistic, especially when taking into consideration the data on the number of people who permanently return to Croatia. These studies also show that all the informants from the corpus A, who expressed similar opinions were members of the younger or so-called middle generation and were born in areas and regions that are now almost abandoned since most of the population moved to bigger (urban) centres or went abroad. In the corpus Ž, such attitudes were to be found in middle or older generations. These informants point out that Žumberak is a completely different world today, and they find it impossible to get used to it. Thus, the potential return would be possible only to towns and cities. In the course of this research, we noticed that more educated informants reflect on home and the topics discussed in this paper differently and that these play a very significant role in their lives (and their interviews) since they obviously have been thinking about them and reminiscing about them for a long time. These informants are in the fourth category and consider Austria their real and proper home. The fifth category includes five informants of Croatian origin from overseas countries, one of whom was born in Croatia. Whereas the two older informants talk about homeland in the context of country or land and often connect everything to politics, the younger informants consider themselves cosmopolites. Croatia is their homeland where they feel secure and, in a certain way, free, but their home is in various places where they feel good. The results of the analysis of the small sample chosen for this article confirm the initial hypothesis and demonstrate that some informants do have very similar views on the discussed topic and that they tend to describe two localities very similarly but also show that the idea and perception of the abovementioned notions and concepts tend to change regarding circumstances of migration and their “return.” Although it is impossible to generalise, especially since the corpus P is not completed and the third research is still ongoing, there are certain patterns that indicate that the views and attitudes on the topics discussed in this paper are influenced by the age of informants, in some cases by the level of their education, but, as already stated, mostly by the circumstances under which they and their family left or returned.
Hodočašća u patristici Knežević, Josip
Služba božja,
2022, Volume:
62, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Autor u ovom članku razmišlja o fenomenu hodočašća i osamim početcima hodočašća ograničavajući se na prvih pet stoljećarane Crkve. Članak je podijeljen u dvije glavne cjeline kojezapravo čine i ...naslov samog rada. Tako će u prvoj cjelini biti riječio povijesti nastanka hodočašća – prije i poslije Milanskog edikta.U ovom dijelu autor se također bavi i odnosom između dvajubiskupskih središta Cezareje i Jeruzalema, te prvim hodočasničkimizvještajima i putnim vezama i udaljenostima kojima su hodočašćaišla. Druga cjelina, koja govori o Jeruzalemu kao nebeskojdomovini kršćana, obrađuje teme koje se tiču stavova otaca premakršćanskim hodočašćima, te razvoju kršćanskih svetih mjesta.Cjelina se zaokružuje tematikom Crkve kao hodočasničkognaroda u kojoj će biti riječi o askezi i gostoljubivosti kod kršćanakao izvoru i plodu hodočašća, te životnom putu prvih kršćana.
In this article the author reflects on the phenomenon of pilgrimage and the very beginnings of pilgrimage, limiting himself to the first five centuries of the early Church. The article is divided into two main parts, which actually make up the title of the paper itself. Thus, the first part will discuss the history of the origin of the pilgrimage - before and after the Edict of Milan. In this part, the author also deals with the relationship between the two episcopal centres, Caesarea and Jerusalem, as well as the first pilgrimage reports and travel connections and distances that the pilgrimages covered. The second part, which talks about Jerusalem as the heavenly homeland of Christians, deals with topics concerning the attitudes of the Fathers towards Christian pilgrimages, and the development of Christian holy places. The whole is rounded off with the theme of the Church as a pilgrim nation, which will discuss asceticism and hospitality among Christians as the source and fruit of pilgrimage, and the life path of the first Christians.
Kada u starim liturgijskim knjigama naiđemo na bogoslužje krunidbe kralja ili cara, ili pak obred svečanog dočeka kralja ili nekog velikodostojnika, pa kada još k tomu čitamo odredbu iz 19. st. da se ...u austrijskoj carevini u svakoj misi u Rimskom kanonu ima spominjati i austrijski car, onda bismo danas mogli lako zaključiti da je sprega države i Crkve u ono vrijeme bila i prejaka i neprilična. U ovom se radu bogoslužja vezana uz nositelje građanske vlasti stavljaju u povijesni kontekst. U uvodnom se dijelu kratko govori razumijevanju kraljevske vlasti u Svetom pismu i u prvoj Crkvi. Prikazuju se najstarije molitve za kraljeve, poglavito one u bogoslužju Velikoga petka. Središnji dio prikazuje obred krunidbe kralja prema rimskim pontifikalima. Na koncu se daje pregled molitava za nositelje vlasti i za domovinu u važećem bogoslužju. Iako kršćani nisu od svijeta, ipak su u svijetu, pa je svakako i danas primjereno slaviti bogoslužja i za domovinu i za nositelje građanske vlasti.
When in old liturgical books we come across the service of the coronation of a king or an emperor, or the ritual of the solemn welcome of a king or a dignitary, and when we also read the provision from the 19th century that in the Austrian Empire, in every mass in the Roman Canon, the Austrian emperor has to be mentioned, then today we could easily conclude that the connection between the state and the Church at that time was both too strong and improper. In this paper, we try to observe those ritual and liturgical events in the religious services related to the holders of civil authority in a genuine historical context. In the introductory part, the understanding of royal authority in the Holy Scriptures and in the ancient Church is briefly discussed. The oldest prayers for rulers are shown, especially those in the Good Friday liturgy. The central part shows the coronation ceremony of the king according to the Roman pontificals. At the end, there is an overview of prayers for the holders of power and for the homeland in the liturgical ceremony. Although Christians are not of the world, they are still in the world, so it is certainly appropriate to celebrate services for both the homeland and the holders of civil authority.
In diesem Aufsatz wird betrachtet die Frage des Verhältnisses zwischen Natur und Menschen ausgehend vom alten unreflektierten Gebrauch des Ausdrucks Ethos im Sinne des gewöhnten Lebensortes, das von ...den es bewohnenden Lebewesen in bestimmten Ausmasse (mit-)gestaltet wird. Diese Ausgangsposition wird weiter ausgearbeitet durch Begriffe des Heimortes (Kangrga) bzw. der Heimwelt und Heimat (Waldenfels). Verfasser vertritt die Auffassung, wonach dieser überlieferter Ethos-begriff den entsprechenden modernen Begriff nicht zu ersetzen vermag, er kann aber immerhin als seine zusätzliche Sinnbeilage verstanden werden. Die Letztere zeigt vielmehr eine unerwartete Aktualität mit Rücksicht auf die gegenwärtige Problematik der Ökologie sowie Biodiversität. Hierbei wird vor allem die Frage geöffnet, welche Arten des Bewohnens als auch des Bodenkultivierens des jeweiligen Wohnortes sollen vorgezogen, und welche dagegen unterlassen werden. Als ein Imperativ hebt Verfasser die Notwendigkeit hervor eines umsichtigen Beziehens zu den anderen Lebewesen, zur Vegetation und natürlichen Umwelt mit denen wir das planetare Wohnort teilen, begleitet mit dem Respekt zur anderen, nicht-menschlichen Lebensformen sowie zu ihrem Wohlbefinden.
Cilj je rada postaviti ishodišta za proučavanje povijesti hrvatskog iseljeničkog novinstva u Čileu od najranijeg razdoblja doseljenja Hrvata do kraja 1914. godine, među kojima je brojčano dominantnu ...grupaciju činilo stanovništvo s Brača. Radilo se prvenstveno o ekonomskoj migraciji uzrokovanoj ekonomskim promjenama u društvu općenito, ali i ekonomskim promjenama kao posljedicama političkih kretanja. U novu domovinu donose tradicionalnu potrebu organiziranja u razna društva, ali i svijest o vlastitoj nacionalnoj pripadnosti s vlastitim jezikom. Neobično brza asimilacija (već u prvoj generaciji) dovodi u pitanje opstojnost te potrebu očuvanja baštine. Iseljeničke novine u kojima surađuju, uređuju ih i pokreću Bračani – novinari, među kojima se ističu Ivan Krstulović i Luka Bonačić s novinama „Domovina“ iz Punta Arenasa, u dosadašnjoj literaturi sagledavane su gotovo isključivo s aspekta političke orijentacije i borbe. Cilj je rada kroz primjer rubrike „Iz mjesta i okolice“, koja je održala kontinuitet tijekom cijelog razdoblja izlaženja lista „Domovina“ i čijim je sastavnim dijelom bila, prikazati, s aspekta socijalne povijesti, da su lokalne novine odražavale i bilježile pojave i događanja značajna za svakodnevni život zajednice sa svrhom očuvanja njezina identiteta.
Prispevek predstavlja razmišljanja o odnosu med tujino in domovino slovenske pisateljice in novinarke Maruše Krese (1947–2013), ki je med osamosvajanjem Slovenije prebivala v Berlinu. Poleg analize ...njene poezije, ki kaže na potrebo po preseganju meja nacionalnega, identitete in sorodnih konceptov, članek zajema tudi do sedaj še neobravnavana razmišljanja Maruše Krese o osamosvojitvi Slovenije, ki jih je avtorica skupaj s tremi somišljenicami podala v korespondenci Briefe von Frauen über Krieg und Nationalismus. Prispevek vključuje tudi kritične odzive na omenjeno delo ter umešča Marušo Krese v izseljensko književnost.
Do neovisnosti (samostalnosti) Hrvatske (1991.) i njezina međunarodnog priznanja (krajem 1991. i početkom 1992.) Hrvati u Švicarskoj, pa i diljem svijeta, nisu imali državne, nego narodne simbole ...(grb i stijeg) koji su se ponegdje poprilično razlikovali. Najupečatljiviji i najdugotrajniji simbol i dokaz samobitnosti hrvatskoga naroda bio je ostao hrvatski jezik. U prisilnome ili izabranom iseljeništvu hrvatski jezik je spajao, povezivao i bodrio Hrvate da u njima ne zamre nada i vjera u slobodnu domovinu. Danas na poslu odgoja i obrazovanja mladih naraštaja sustavno radi hrvatska država u svojim dopunskim školama u inozemstvu. U školskoj godini 2019./2020. hrvatska dopunska nastava održava se u Švicarskoj u 17 kantona i 53 mjesta. Upisana su 693 učenika koje podučava 11 učiteljica. Ovaj se članak završava "zaključnim raspravljanjem" o budućnosti učenja hrvatskoga jezika u iseljeništvu.
Obwohl er den größten Teil seines überaus fruchtbaren Lebens und seiner professionellen Laufbahn außerhalb von Varaždin verbracht hatte, pflegte der „Vater der slawischen Philologie“ Vatroslav Jagić ...(Varaždin, 6. VII. 1838 – Wien, 5. VIII. 1923) dennoch dauerhafte Beziehungen zu seiner Geburtsstadt. Diese Beziehungen können auf drei Ebenen besonders gut nachvollzogen werden: a) der existentiellen (Sorge um seine Familie und den familiären Besitz); b) der beruflich-gesellschaftlichen (Jagićs Interesse für die kulturellen, gesellschaftlichen und politischen Ereignisse in Varaždin, das sich in seiner langjährigen Korrespondenz mit seinem Kollegen, dem Philologen Ivan Mičetić niederschlug); c) der emotiven (wiederholtes Bekunden von Liebe und Gebundenheit an seinen Geburtsort und seine kroatische Heimat, einschließlich des Wunsches, seine letzte Ruhestätte in der Gruft der Familie Jagić auf dem städtischen Friedhof in Varaždin zu finden). Hinsichtlich der Ehrung ihres bedeutendsten Sohnes, bleibt für die Stadt Varaždin – nachdem ihm bereits ein bronzenes Denkmal errichtet und der Stadtpark nach ihm benannt worden ist – noch die Aufgabe übrig, das heute leerstehende und heruntergekommene Haus der Familie Jagić, das sich unter präventivem Denkmalschutz befindet, von Grund auf zu renovieren und es seiner kulturellen Funktion zuzuführen.
Prispevek na podlagi arhivskih virov in sinteze obstoječe literature, ki je dostopna v Sloveniji, podaja pregledno podobo odnosov kanadskih Slovencev do svoje izvorne domovine, ki so pogojeni tako z ...motivi in razlogi za izselitev kot tudi z načinom doživljanja življenja v Kanadi. Poleg kolektivnih se osredotoča tudi na osebna doživljanja, ki so umeščena v sodoben politični in družbni očrt obeh dežel, hkrati pa vsebuje nekatere razmisleke, ki jih je vredno upoštevati pri raziskovanju o izseljevanju in izseljencih. Prispevek izpostavlja nezadostnost znanstvene literature za področje slovenskega izseljevanja v Kanado in tako nakazuje številne sive lise, ki jih je – v kontekstu celotne zgodovine Slovencev in nenazadnje tudi v kontekstu zgodovine Kanade – še potrebno raziskati.
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