The European Investment Bank plants the seeds for many future success stories. Now another seed has been planted: EIB Global, the EIB's development arm, which began operating in 2022. This report ...tells the stories of projects that make a difference on the ground, with sections on Ukraine, sustainability, climate and energy. The challenges we face know no borders. EIB Global represents our commitment to sustainable and inclusive societies everywhere.
The European Investment Bank plants the seeds for many future success stories. Now another seed has been planted: EIB Global, the EIB’s development arm, which began operating in 2022. This report ...tells the stories of projects that make a difference on the ground, with sections on Ukraine, sustainability, climate and energy. The challenges we face know no borders. EIB Global represents our commitment to sustainable and inclusive societies everywhere.
The European Investment Bank plants the seeds for many future success stories. Now another seed has been planted: EIB Global, the EIB’s development arm, which began operating in 2022. This report ...tells the stories of projects that make a difference on the ground, with sections on Ukraine, sustainability, climate and energy. The challenges we face know no borders. EIB Global represents our commitment to sustainable and inclusive societies everywhere.
The theory of external shocks suggests that the underdevelopment of low-income countries is due to external shocks of various kinds: economic or political ones. This study endeavors to analyze the ...real causes that hindered and are hindering the Syrian economy from transitioning towards a knowledge-based economy before and during the conflict. To achieve these objectives, we apply the Documentary Research Method (DSM) and the Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) to measure the causal impact of the internal and external shocks on a number of innovation and knowledge creation–related variables, and the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) to measure the toll of different shocks on the transition to knowledge economy in Syria. The results indicate that, in the long run, external shocks do not provide a comprehensive explanation of the failure in building a knowledge-based economy in Syria. On the contrary, internal shocks in general, and the shock of liberal policies, are largely responsible for Syria’s failure to transition to a knowledge-based economy, and for the outbreak and development of the conflict. In light of the results, we propose a set of economic policies for the reconstruction of Syria based on a non-classical approach that orients the reconstruction process towards building a knowledge-based economy.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The paper presents the expediency of the formation and implementation of post-war Ukraine state policy under the basics of the social quality scientific concept, used to improve the social parameters ...of the European Union development. The authors discuss the general theoretical basis of the social quality concept, the essential milestones of its development, key foundations and concepts, and the approaches proposed by the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Economic Commission for Europe, the International Labour Organization, the International Association on Social Quality to ensure modern societies’ social quality of life, its quantitative and qualitative assessment. Attention is focused on the expediency of the post-war introduction of the social quality approach into the system of state administration of Ukraine, which can help politicians and citizens to rethink the strategy of Ukrainian society development in the European direction based on socio-economic security, social cohesion, social inclusion, guaranteed social opportunities, and to root social values of equality, solidarity, social justice, and human dignity. The authors determined the relevance of the need to adapt the international approaches of social quality to the implementation in the functioning and development of Ukraine’s public administration system in the reconstruction of post-war Ukraine, focusing primarily on overcoming the consequences of the war. The paper shows the critical importance of the efforts that Ukraine has made since the beginning of the war to support the institutional and financial sustainability of the national social protection system and the implementation of state policy measures to promote employment and prevent the destruction of the national labour market. It is argued that the introduction into the system of public administration of post-war Ukraine of the concept of social quality adapted to domestic conditions should contribute to the “social contract” to gradually find a reasonable balance between two priorities: simultaneous increase of efforts to systematically eliminate threats of external aggression and accelerated restoration of the national socio-economic space on the principles of sustainable, inclusive development.
At the turn of 2019 and 2020 the world economy experienced a slowdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Negative repercussions of the measures taken, related to the slowdown in economic activity, ...have been experienced by all EU Member States. The article aims to present the influence of the pandemic on the EU economy and to identify the selected EU measures and instruments implemented to counteract the implications of COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021–2027. The authors attempt to answer the following questions: (1) Will the actions taken by the European Commission and temporary state aid measures positively impact reducing the negative implications of the economic and social crisis caused by the pandemic? (2) Are the proposed instruments and their financing sources ensuring the recovery of the EU economy sufficient? The article puts forward a hypothesis that the prepared financial instruments implemented at the EU level should reduce the negative implications of the pandemic to some extent; however, close cooperation between the Member States and European institutions in terms of coordination of the implemented measures and instruments is necessary to render them more effectively. The authors utilise the descriptive, normative and diachronic methods. The analysis of the implemented remedial actions at the EU level and at the level of a Member State (Poland) leads to the conclusion that despite the economic crisis prevention measures introduced by the European Commission, the burden of counteracting the consequences of the epidemic rests mainly with the countries whose governments have introduced anti-crisis packages.
This article uses Aufbau Ost (or reconstruction of the East) of the new German states as a structural model to estimate the possible costs of an Aufbau Ost 2.0 of Ukraine while taking institutional ...differences into account. Based on three approaches, the model is validated for the new German states - namely capital coefficients, actual investment flows and actual public transfers - and applied to Ukraine. Key indicators for Germany from 2021 are used as a basis. The economic goal for Ukraine set in this article is to reach Poland's present level of prosperity in 15 years, which implies a growth rate of 9% per year. This will require a total of US $8.5 trillion over 15 years, which can, however, be financed to a considerable extent by endogenous, investment-driven economic growth if the institutional framework conditions are designed in a market-economy way, especially the taxation system. Transfers and capital imports must close a current account deficit of about US $200 billion per year.
Purpose. To develop the main directions of industrial recovery as a necessary stage for the formation of a sustainable economy in the postwar period. To develop tools and approaches to rebuild ...war-torn industries. Methodology. Methods used are: abstraction and critical analysis in forming the theme and purpose of the work; content analysis for analytical review of the literature; ascent from the abstract to the concrete to form an algorithm for developing a strategy for reconstruction; analysis and synthesis to analyze the amount of losses; idealization and formalization to formulate directions of industrial recovery; system analysis to form a project approach to reconstruction; comparative analysis to stratify the losses of industries. Findings. The amount of losses of the mining and metallurgical industry is analyzed and it is pointed out that the reason was not only physical destruction, but also the forced closure of enterprises. Assessment of the amount of assistance by its types is performed, which allowed estimating the approximate amount and direction of assistance for recovery in the postwar period. It is noted that the main task in the process of recovery of industries is their deep modernization and introduction of the latest technologies into the production cycle, which will create the preconditions for a sustainable economy. Originality. It is stated that a single strategic development program is needed to restore the work of industrial infrastructure. The solution of tactical tasks should be consistent with the strategic program. To implement the program and the tasks of a sustainable economy, an Algorithm for developing a strategy for economic reconstruction has been developed. To increase the efficiency of reconstruction industries, use of the project approach is proposed. Projects must be implemented in accordance with the single strategic development program. Practical value. The main directions of industrial recovery with the emphasis on its reform are formulated and recommendations on tools and approaches of implementing the strategic program of industrial reconstruction are given.
Einleitung Kouli, Yaman; Müller, Uwe
Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas,
03/2020, Volume:
68, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Es ist kaum möglich, die ökonomischen Folgen der Westverschiebung Polens nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs zu überschätzen. Trotzdem wurde dieses Thema von der Wirtschaftsgeschichtsforschung lange ...vernachlässigt. Bis in die 1970er Jahre hinein sind entsprechende Forschungen sowohl in (West-)Deutschland als auch in Polen häufig von politischen Interessen beeinflusst worden. Danach ging das Interesse deutlich zurück. Ende der 1990er Jahre widmeten sich (Wirtschafts-)Historiker diesem Thema wieder stärker, dennoch blieben viele Fragen offen. Das vorliegende Themenheft beleuchtet den mit der Westverschiebung verbundenen ökonomischen Strukturwandel sowie die entsprechenden Integrations- und Desintegrationsprozesse. Die Artikel decken dabei die mikroökonomische - Unternehmensgeschichte der PAFAWAG - und die makroökonomische Ebene ab. Letztere umfasst die Analyse der Infrastruktur (Stromnetze) und der Auswirkungen der weitgehend politisch motivierten Veränderungen der agrarischen Betriebsgrößenstrukturen auf die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft am Beispiel Pommerns. Außerdem wird eine quantitative Bilanz in der Form eines Vergleichs der Produktionspotenziale in den verlorenen Ost- und den gewonnenen Westgebieten vorgelegt. Es besteht Konsens in der Forschung, dass die Volksrepublik Polen das gewachsene Produktionspotenzial nicht optimal nutzen konnte. Der einleitende Aufsatz systematisiert und resümiert sowohl die in der vorhandenen Literatur genannten Gründe für diesen Misserfolg als auch die in den Beiträgen des Heftes präsentierten neuen Forschungsergebnisse.
It is extremely difficult to overestimate the economic effects of Poland’s westward shift at the end of World War II. Nonetheless, historiography neglected this subject for a long time. Until the 1970s, research in both (West) Germany and Poland was often influenced by political interests. Thereafter, interest in this topic declined significantly. At the end of the 1990s, this issue again found interest among (economic) historians, yet many questions remained open. This special issue highlights the economic structural changes as well as the processes of integration and disintegration caused by Poland’s westward shift. The articles cover both the microeconomic level - the history of PAFAWAG - and the macroeconomic level - an analysis of an important element of the infrastructure (the power grid) and a study about the impact of politically motivated changes to farm size structures on the development of agriculture in Western Pomerania. Moreover, a quantitative balance is presented in the form of a comparison of production potentials in the lost eastern and recovered western territories. There is a consensus in the research that the Polish People’s Republic could not optimally use this increased production potential. The introductory essay systematizes and summarizes both the reasons given for this gap in the existing literature and new research results presented in the articles that make up the special issue.
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The scale and intensity of the appropriation of Iraqi oil revenue makes the 2003 invasion one of the most audacious and spectacular crimes of theft in modern history. The institutionalisation of ...corporate corruption that followed the invasion can only be understood within the context of the coalition forces’ contempt for universal principles of international law enshrined in the Hague and Geneva treaties. Neo-liberal shock therapy imposed on Iraq by the Anglo-American government of occupation provided momentum to an economic order which privileged the primacy and autonomy of market actors over laws intended to enshrine universal protections for civilian populations in war and conflict. As the US government-appointed auditor has subsequently established, an unknown proportion of Iraqi oil revenue has disappeared into the pockets of contractors and fixers in the form of bribery, over-charging, embezzlement, product substitution, bid rigging and false claims. At least $12 billion of the revenue appropriated by the coalition regime has not been adequately accounted for. This neo-liberal strategy of economic colonization was facilitated by major violations of the international laws of conflict and by unilaterally granting immunity from prosecution to US personnel. The suspension of the normal rule of law by the occupying powers, in turn, encouraged Coalition Provisional Authority tolerance of, and participation in, the theft of public funds in Iraq. State–corporate criminality in the case of occupied Iraq must therefore be understood as part of a wider strategy of political and economic domination.
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