Gender equality and climate change perspectives are both important aspects of sustainable development, and they are likely to have a significant impact on careers in the maritime transport industry. ...The study presented in this paper has the objective to understand to what extent contemporary maritime and port jobs evolved in the context of sustainability expectations. A second objective is to discover which are the new sustainable jobs that are expected to appear on the international maritime market. Results show that many of the classic jobs in the sector have integrated sustainability responsibilities to meet the updated legislative requirements. Most of the classic maritime jobs include tasks necessary for the sustainable development of the company, without explicitly mentioning such responsibilities in the title of the job. However, an increasingly number of new jobs in port, maritime and related fields have titles that explicitly includes sustainability – gender related or environmental protection tasks. Based on the advancements in the maritime, new emerged technologies and changes in traditional biased mindsets, is expected an increase in the need for professionals delivering sustainable solutions and hence, the appearance of new sustainable jobs specific for the sector.
Recent decades have seen a tremendous increase in the complexity of work arrangements, through job sharing, flexible hours, career breaks, compressed work weeks, shift work, reduced job security, and ...part-time, contract and temporary work. In this study, we focus on one specific group of workers that arguably most embodies non-standard employment, namely temporary workers, and estimate the effect of this type of employment on depressive symptom severity. Accounting for the possibility of mental health selection into temporary work through propensity score analysis, we isolate the direct effects of temporary work on depressive symptoms with varying lags of time since exposure. We use prospective data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), which has followed, longitudinally, from 1979 to the present, a nationally representative cohort of American men and women between 14 and 22 years of age in 1979. Three propensity score models were estimated, to capture the effect of different time lags (immediately following exposure, and 2 and 4 years post exposure) between the period of exposure to the outcome. The only significant effects were found among those who had been exposed to temporary work in the two years preceding the outcome measurement. These workers report 1.803 additional depressive symptoms from having experienced this work status (than if they had not been exposed). Moreover, this difference is both statistically and substantively significant, as it represents a 50% increase from the average level of depressive symptoms in this population.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Abstract
Introduction
Poor sleep quality has been reported in the unemployed compared with employed. How sleep varies by employment status has been rarely examined at a population level. Therefore, ...we investigated sleep-wake patterns among employed, unemployed but actively seeking a job, and not-in-the-labor-force participants by gender and race/ethnicity.
Methods
Methods We used data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), a nationally representative sample of US residents aged ≥15years, which records weekday/weekend activities in a 24-hour period (4:00am-4:00am). This sample was restricted to participants aged 25–60 years (n=130,062). This analysis utilized functional nonparametric regression based on dimension reduction and neighborhood matching. We modeled the relationship between participant-specific sleep-wake trajectories, coded by minute, and employment status. Implementing the counterfactual approach, we estimated the effects of each employment scenario on participant-level expected sleep trajectory. This approach allowed the examination of hypothetical sleep-wake trajectories for each participant if their employment status differed from the observed. We then marginalized these findings to gender and race/ethnic subpopulations, controlling for confounders and secular trends.
Results
Mean age was 42□0.01 years, nearly half (51%) of participants were women and 68% were Whites. The proportions of employed, unemployed, and not-in-the-labor-force were 79%, 16.5% and 4.5%, respectively. On average, unemployed and not-in-the-labor-force participants had a later bedtime and wake-time compared with employed. With the exception of Whites, each individual race/ethnicity group showed pronounced differences in sleep-wake patterns by employment status. Of note, the likelihood of still being asleep up to 9:00am was greater when unemployed in comparison to had they been employed. Compared with employed, differences in sleep-wake patterns were pronounced among Blacks and Hispanics had they been unemployed, but attenuated if they were out-of-the-labor-force. Gender alone was not a strong moderator of the relationship between sleep-wake patterns and employment status. Unemployed participants had bedtime after 11pm, regardless of gender or race/ethnicity.
Conclusion
Using the counterfactual approach, we predicted sleep-wake patterns among individuals had they been employed, unemployed, or out-of-the-labor-force by gender and race/ethnicity. Though cross-sectional, our data suggest that the sleep schedules of racial/ethnic minorities in comparison to Whites may be more affected by employment status.
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Globalization and economic restructuring have decimated formal jobs in developing countries, pushing many women into informal employment such as direct selling of cosmetics, perfume, and other ...personal care products as a way to make up the difference between household income and expenses. In Ecuador, with its persistent economic crisis and few opportunities for financially and personally rewarding work, women increasingly choose direct selling as a way to earn income by activating their social networks. While few women earn the cars and trips that are iconic prizes in the direct selling organization, many use direct selling as part of a set of household survival strategies. In this first in-depth study of a cosmetics direct selling organization in Latin America, Erynn Masi de Casanova explores womens identities as workers, including their juggling of paid work and domestic responsibilities, their ideas about professional appearance, and their strategies for collecting money from customers. Focusing on women who work for the countrys leading direct selling organization, she offers fascinating portraits of the everyday lives of women selling personal care products in Ecuadors largest city, Guayaquil. Addressing gender relations (including a look at mens direct and indirect involvement), the importance of image, and the social and economic context of direct selling, Casanova challenges assumptions that this kind of flexible employment resolves womens work/home conflicts and offers an important new perspective on womens work in developing countries.
Contesting Precarity in Japan details the new forms of workers' protest and opposition that have developed as Japan's economy has transformed over the past three decades and highlights their impact ...upon the country's policymaking process. Drawing on a new dataset charting protest events from the 1980s to the present, Saori Shibata produces the first systematic study of Japan's new precarious labour movement. It details the movement's rise during Japan's post-bubble economic transformation and highlights the different and innovative forms of dissent that mark the end of the country's famously non- confrontational industrial relations. In doing so, moreover, she shows how this new pattern of industrial and social tension is reflected within the country's macroeconomic policymaking, resulting in a new policy dissensus that has consistently failed to offer policy reforms that would produce a return to economic growth. As a result, Shibata argues that the Japanese model of capitalism has therefore become increasingly disorganized.
Despotism on Demand draws attention to the impact of flexible scheduling on managerial power and workplace control. When we understand paid work as a power relationship, argues Alex J. Wood, we see ...how the spread of precarious scheduling constitutes flexible despotism; a novel regime of control within the workplace. Wood believes that flexible despotism represents a new domain of inequality, in which the postindustrial working class increasingly suffers a scheduling nightmare. By investigating two of the largest retailers in the world he uncovers how control in the contemporary "flexible firm" is achieved through the insidious combination of "flexible discipline" and "schedule gifts." Flexible discipline provides managers with an arbitrary means by which to punish workers, but flexible scheduling also requires workers to actively win favor with managers in order to receive "schedule gifts": more or better hours. Wood concludes that the centrality of precarious scheduling to control means that for those at the bottom of the postindustrial labor market the future of work will increasingly be one of flexible despotism.
Much research examines the organizational changes brought by equal employment opportunity (EEO) law, but it remains unclear whether establishments formally charged with employment discrimination and ...found in violation of EEO laws actually improve workplace conditions for women and racial minorities. Building on economic and institutional accounts of organizational responses to legal intervention, this article assesses the effects of discrimination charges and their resolutions on changes in establishment-level occupational segregation by sex and race from 1990 to 2002. Using data from a national random sample of work establishments matched to discrimination-charge data, I examine the direct impact of charges on workplaces, as well as the indirect pressures that establishments experience in their legal and organizational environments. For sex segregation, I find that establishments do not desegregate in the wake of discrimination charges filed directly against them, but they do respond to EEO enforcement in their industrial fields and legal environments. For race segregation, organizational factors—rather than legal intervention—are the primary predictors of desegregation. To the extent that EEO enforcement encourages organizational change, it does so indirectly, operating through establishments' industrial and legal environments.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, INZLJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Urban and regional research has focused on opportunity entrepreneurship and how cities can promote growth through the ‘right’ type of entrepreneurship. This neglects the increasing risk of precarious ...self-employment reflected in the compositional change of self-employment towards self-employment with no employees (‘solo self-employment’). This article tests whether precarious self-employment is more prevalent in urban areas, in parallel to more entrepreneurial forms as shown in previous research. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey 2015 and including 30 countries, it proposes a multidimensional empirical framework of precariousness of self-employment. Findings show significant variations in the prevalence of precarious self-employment in urban versus non-urban areas across geographical regions. Some individual characteristics (gender) and job-related characteristics (industry and working at home) are related with an increased risk of precariousness in urban areas. Policies therefore need to go beyond regulatory and legal frameworks and target local conditions of self-employment.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
499.
Employment protection and takeovers Dessaint, Olivier; Golubov, Andrey; Volpin, Paolo
Journal of financial economics,
08/2017, Volume:
125, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Labor restructuring is a key driver of takeovers and the associated synergy gains worldwide. In a difference-in-differences research design, we show that major increases in employment protection ...reduce takeover activity by 14–27% and the combined firm gains (synergies) by over half. Consistent with the labor channel behind these effects, deals with greater potential for workforce restructuring show a greater reduction in volume, number, and synergies. Increases in employment protection impede layoffs, resulting in wage costs that match the magnitude of synergy losses. Offer prices are not fully adjusted, with both bidders and targets exhibiting lower returns following the reforms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In an era of a highly digitalized society, Australia's rural areas continue to be at a digital disadvantage. With the increasing penetration of information and communications technology (ICT) into ...all public and private realms, there is a need to examine the deeply rooted digital divide and how it is intertwined with issues of social exclusion in rural communities. This study focused on remoteness as an indicator of digital exclusion, and investigated its relationship with other dimensions of social exclusion. A secondary data analysis using Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) regional data revealed that remoteness was a strong predictor of home Internet and broadband connectivity, but digital divide was exacerbated by other socio-demographic factors such as educational levels and employment status. When implementing digital inclusion strategies, both supply (infrastructure) and demand (education levels, industry sector, employment opportunities, socio-demographics) factors must be considered.
•Australia's rural areas continue to be at a digital disadvantage.•The relationship between remoteness and social exclusion parameters was investigated.•Geographic remoteness was exacerbated by educational levels, aging population, Indigenous population, unemployment rate and agricultural industries.•Both supply and demand factors must be considered in digital inclusion policies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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