People vary in their tendencies to compare themselves to others, an individual difference variable called social comparison orientation (SCO). Social networking sites provide information about others ...that can be used for social comparison. The goal of the present set of studies was to explore the relationship between SCO, Facebook use, and negative psychological outcomes. Studies 1a and 1b used correlational approaches and showed that participants high (vs. low) in SCO exhibited heavier Facebook use. Study 2 used an experimental approach and revealed that participants high in SCO had poorer self-perceptions, lower self-esteem, and more negative affect balance than their low-SCO counterparts after engaging in brief social comparisons on Facebook. SCO did not have as strong or consistent effects for participants engaging in control tasks. Results are discussed in the context of extant literature and the impact of social media use on well-being.
•Examined impact of Facebook as a function of social comparison orientation (SCO)•High-SCO participants use Facebook more heavily.•High-SCO participants are more negatively affected by an acquaintance's profile.•SCO did not have strong or consistent effects in control tasks.•Social comparison on Facebook may be more detrimental for high-SCO users.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This research aimed to examine the relationships between Facebook addiction, depressive experiences (self-criticism and dependency), and the severity of depression. To increase the validity of the ...findings, this longitudinal research with two waves was conducted with a sample of depressed Facebook users. This research has successfully recruited 250 Facebook users in Malaysia who have been diagnosed with depression. This longitudinal survey with two waves was conducted with a gap of six months, measuring the respondents’ addictive tendencies toward Facebook, depressive experiences, and the severity of depression. Overall, this research found that Facebook addiction escalates the severity of current and upcoming states of depression. Without the time lag, Facebook addiction escalates the sense of self-worthlessness, as reflected by depressive experiences, which eventually manifest into depression. These indirect effects did not last over six months, rendering Facebook addiction a direct predictor of the upcoming state of depression. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed in this manuscript.
•Facebook addiction significantly predicted the present and upcoming (6 month) depression.•Unregulated use of Facebook increases depressed users' susceptibility to depression.•Depressive experiences exerted significant indirect effects on Facebook addiction and depression.•After considering the time gap of 6 months, the indirect effects of depressive experiences were not significant.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the relationships between different types of Facebook use, perceived online social support, and boys’ and girls’ depressed mood. To address this ...aim, this study (N = 910) developed a comprehensive model that (1) differs between specific types of Facebook use, (2) examines the mediating role of perceived online social support, and (3) takes adolescent users’ gender into account. Structural equation modeling showed that the harmful impact of Facebook use exclusively occurs among girls who passively use Facebook and among boys who actively use Facebook in a public setting. Girls, however, who actively use Facebook, either in a public setting or in a private setting and subsequently perceive online social support, benefit from actively using Facebook, as perceived online social support negatively predicted girls’ depressed mood. The discussion focuses on the explanation and understanding of these findings, key limitations, and directions for future research.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Significant correlations between SNS-usage variables (i.e., time spent on social networking sites (SNS) and SNS checking frequency) and depression were found.•Significant correlations were found ...between social comparisons made on SNS (i.e., general and upward comparisons) and depression was found.•Social comparisons on SNS were more strongly related to depression than was time spent on SNS.
Facebook depression is defined as feeling depressed upon too much exposure to Social networking sites (SNS). Researchers have argued that upward social comparisons made on SNS are the key to the Facebook depression phenomenon. To examine the relations between SNS usage and depression, we conducted 4 separate meta-analyses relating depression to: (1) time spent on SNS, (2) SNS checking frequency, (3) general and (4) upward social comparisons on SNS. We compared the four mean effect sizes in terms of magnitude.
Our literature search yielded 33 articles with a sample of 15,881 for time spent on SNS, 12 articles with a sample of 8041 for SNS checking frequency, and 5 articles with a sample of 1715 and 2298 for the general and the upward social comparison analyses, respectively.
In both SNS-usage analyses, greater time spent on SNS and frequency of checking SNS were associated with higher levels of depression with a small effect size. Further, higher levels of depression were associated with greater general social comparisons on SNS with a small to medium effect, and greater upward social comparisons on SNS with a medium effect. Both social comparisons on SNS were more strongly related to depression than was time spent on SNS.
Limitations include heterogeneity in effect sizes and a small number of samples for social comparison analyses.
Our results are consistent with the notion of ‘Facebook depression phenomenon’ and with the theoretical importance of social comparisons as an explanation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Recruiting participants is a challenge for many health, medical and psychosocial research projects. One tool more frequently being used to improve recruitment is the social networking website ...Facebook. A systematic review was conducted to identify studies that have used Facebook to recruit participants of all ages, to any psychosocial, health or medical research. 110 unique studies that used Facebook as a recruitment source were included in the review. The majority of studies used a cross-sectional design (80%) and addressed a physical health or disease issue (57%). Half (49%) of the included studies reported specific details of the Facebook recruitment process. Researchers paid between $1.36 and $110 per completing participants (Mean=$17.48, SD=$23.06). Among studies that examined the representativeness of their sample, the majority concluded (86%) their Facebook-recruited samples were similarly representative of samples recruited via traditional methods. These results indicate that Facebook is an effective and cost-efficient recruitment method. Researchers should consider their target group, advertisement wording, offering incentives and no-cost methods of recruitment when considering Facebook as a recruitment source. It is hoped this review will assist researchers to make decisions regarding the use of Facebook as a recruitment tool in future research.
•Health, medical and psychosocial research recruiting participants of all ages via Facebook is reviewed.•Results suggest Facebook is an effective and cost efficient recruitment method.•Results suggest Facebook can be used to obtain samples similarly representative to samples recruited via traditional methods.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study examines the phenomenon of cyberbullying on Facebook and how it is related to school bullying among secondary school students in Singapore, aged 13–17. We also focus on generic use of ...Facebook and risky Facebook behaviors as the predictors of cyberbullying and victimization on Facebook. 1676 secondary students, from two secondary schools, participated in a pen and paper survey. The findings show that the intensity of Facebook use and engagement in risky Facebook behaviors were related to Facebook victimization and Facebook bullying, respectively. Moderately strong positive relationships between school bullying and Facebook bullying, as well as between school victimization and Facebook victimization, were also uncovered.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Abstract Despite increasing evidence that specific types of Facebook use (i.e., active private, active public, and passive Facebook use) are differently related to adolescents' well-being, little is ...known how these types function over the course of adolescence and whether gender and Facebook motives may predict the initial level and changes in these types over time. To address these gaps, Flemish adolescents (ages 12–19) were questioned at three different time points, with six months in between ( NTime1 = 1866). Latent growth curve models revealed that active private Facebook use increased over the course of adolescence, whereas public Facebook use decreased . Passive Facebook use, however, remained stable . In addition, gender and Facebook motives were related to initial levels of specific types of Facebook use, and predictive of dynamic change in specific types of Facebook use over time. The discussion focuses on the understanding and implications of these findings.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
As Facebook is still the most popular online social network, several studies confirm that the excessive use of Facebook leads to addictive behavior, especially among the younger generation. This ...study aims to explore the effect of Facebook addiction, and self-esteem on students' academic performance. Using the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem scale, online survey was developed to collect data from one public university in Malaysia. A total of n = 240 students participated in the study. The results of the study revealed that addicted students differ statistically in self-esteem from non-addicted students. Moreover, the results showed that Facebook addiction has significant effect on students' academic performance for both samples, and frequency of Facebook use also was found to be a positive predictor of Facebook addiction. The findings of the study provide empirical evidences for the effect of Facebook addiction on students' academic performance. The results also provide a better understanding of self-esteem factor that significantly effect on student's Facebook addiction and academic performance.
•Multi-group analysis was used to test the significant differences between addicted and non-addicted students.•Self-esteem has negative significant impact on Facebook addiction for non-addicted students.•Self-esteem found to be a positive predictor of students' academic performance for non-addicted students.•Facebook Frequency of use has a direct positive influence on students Facebook addiction.•Facebook addiction has negative effect on the decline of students' academic performance for both samples.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Approximately 40% of Bangladeshi students were identified as being at risk of addiction to Facebook.•There were no gender differences between males and females and the risk of Facebook ...addiction.•Being single, having less involvement in physical activities, and sleep disturbance were risk factors for Facebook Addiction.•Other risk factors for Facebook addiction were time spent on Facebook (≥5 h per day), and depression symptoms.
Social media addiction has become an area of increasing research interest over the past few years. However, there has been no previous research on social media addiction in Bangladesh. The present pilot study is the first ever in Bangladesh to examine the relationship between one specific form of social media addiction (i.e., ‘Facebook addiction’) and its associated predictors. This present study comprised 300 students from the University of Dhaka (Bangladesh) who participated in a survey that included questions relating to socio-demographics, health and behavioral measures, and the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), and the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9). The prevalence of FA was 39.7% (cutoff score was ≥18 on the BFAS). Using a regression analysis, the risk of being addicted to Facebook was predicted by being single, having less involvement in physical activities, sleep disturbance (more or less than 6 to 7 h of sleep), time spent on Facebook (≥5 h per day), and depression symptoms. Based on the sample in the present study, the risk of Facebook addiction (as assessed using the BFAS) appears to be a significant issue among Bangladeshi students, and depression to be one of the main comorbid factors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
► Students studied less than 6min before switching to technological distractor. ► Those who preferred to task-switch had more distractors and were more off-task. ► Those who accessed Facebook while ...studying had lower grade point averages. ► Those who used study strategies were more likely to stay on task. ► Strategies were provided to improve attention and reduce distractions.
Electronic communication is emotionally gratifying, but how do such technological distractions impact academic learning? The current study observed 263 middle school, high school and university students studying for 15min in their homes. Observers noted technologies present and computer windows open in the learning environment prior to studying plus a minute-by-minute assessment of on-task behavior, off-task technology use and open computer windows during studying. A questionnaire assessed study strategies, task-switching preference, technology attitudes, media usage, monthly texting and phone calling, social networking use and grade point average (GPA). Participants averaged less than six minutes on task prior to switching most often due to technological distractions including social media, texting and preference for task-switching. Having a positive attitude toward technology did not affect being on-task during studying. However, those who preferred to task-switch had more distracting technologies available and were more likely to be off-task than others. Also, those who accessed Facebook had lower GPAs than those who avoided it. Finally, students with relatively high use of study strategies were more likely to stay on-task than other students. The educational implications include allowing students short “technology breaks” to reduce distractions and teaching students metacognitive strategies regarding when interruptions negatively impact learning.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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