Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) is a major concern in the exploitation and utilisation processes of coal. Various technologies for inhibiting CSC have been developed, promoting industrial safety. ...With consideration of the complexity of the processes involved, efficient fire prevention and control techniques should be developed. Commonly used retardants for CSC prevention were reviewed. Based upon the necessary conditions required for CSC and coal − oxygen reaction mechanism, various materials used in CSC inhibition are analysed in detail and classified into physical-based, chemical-based, as well as composite retardants. The novel composite retardants combine both physical and chemical-based mechanisms in controlling CSC. The advantages and disadvantages of each CSC retardant are discussed and inter-compared. This review can promote research in the most needed areas to develop more efficient and affordable materials for CSC prevention.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Three-stage process where N2/CO2 replaces O2 in coal at atmospheric pressure.•O2 volume replacement by N2/CO2 can be estimated using the Boltzmann model.•The effective inerting efficiency of CO2 in ...large-particle coal is higher than that in N2.•The CO2 inerting rate is reduced by its strong adsorption capacity on the coal surface.
The elimination or reduction of O2 concentration is essential to prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal. Experiments were designed and conducted to replace the O2 in coal with inert gas at atmospheric pressure in order to investigate the difference in the performance of CO2 and N2 in inerting coal from the perspective of gas replacement. The results revealed that the atmospheric pressure replacement process can be divided into a free-phase O2 replacement stage, an adsorbed O2 replacement stage, and an inerting stage, and the cumulative production volume of O2 can be predicted using the Boltzmann model. N2 and CO2 have different capacities to replace O2, with N2 reducing the oxygen concentration in loose coal more rapidly, whereas CO2 can replace a greater volume of O2. The effective replacement efficiency for evaluating the performance of N2 and CO2 inerted coals fluctuates nonlinearly as the grain size of coal increases. The efficiency of injected CO2 is higher than that of injected N2; however, the strong adsorption capacity of CO2 on the surface of coal can further prolong the time of CO2 inerting loose coal when the size is smaller. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of N2 and CO2 inerting coal and the assessment of their inerting performance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Plastogel combine the advantages of sodium silicate gel and organic polymer gel.•The gelation time is short and generally within 2 min.•This paper introduces the concrete application method of ...plastogel.•The plastogel have been used in practical engineering, which achieved good results.
In order to address the issue of spontaneous combustion in coal mines during the mining process, we have proposed a novel plastogel which can prevent and control fires in coal mines. The novel plastogel was prepared by introducing a polymer plasticizer into the conventional water glass gel (water glass/coagulant/bentonite system). The effect of different concentrations of components on the properties of plastogel was analyzed by testing the gelation time and water retention of the plastogel. The Infrared spectroscopy results indicate that plastogel can effectively inhibit the oxidation of methylene in the coal body. The SEM results illustrated that the surface morphology of the plastogel and conventional water glass gels were significantly different. The compactness and smoothness of the plastogel were significantly enhanced after the addition of plasticizer. The results of the on-site application of plastogel in the withdrawal of 1308 working face of Shandong Longyun Coal Industry Co., Ltd. suggest that the plastogel effectively inhibited the oxidation of the crushed coal body, significantly reduced the temperature of coal body, and ensured a safe withdrawal of rack on the working face. The formulated plastogel had distinct practical advantages and is proposed as an ideal fire prevention and control material.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To improve the flame retardancy of bamboo scrimber, flame-retardant CaAl-POsub.4-LDHs were synthesized via the coprecipitation method using POsub.4 sup.3− as the anion of an intercalated ...calcium-aluminum hydrotalcite in this work. The fine CaAl-POsub.4-LDHs were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cold field scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and thermogravimetry (TG). Different concentrations (1% and 2%) of CaAl-POsub.4-LDHs were used as flame retardants for the bamboo scrimber, and the flame retardancy of the bamboo scrimber was characterized via cone calorimetry. The results showed that CaAl-POsub.4-LDHs with excellent structures were successfully synthesized via the coprecipitation method in 6 h and at 120 °C. Compared with the bamboo scrimber without the flame retardant treatment, the peak heat release rate (HRR) of the bamboo scrimber treated with 1% and 2% concentrations of flame-retardant CaAl-POsub.4-LDHs decreased by 16.62% and 34.46%, the time taken to reach the exothermic peak was delayed by 103 s and 204 s and the Time to Ignition (TTI) was increased by 30% and 40%, respectively. Furthermore, the residual carbon of the bamboo scrimber did not change significantly, increasing by 0.8% and 2.08%, respectively. CO production decreased by 18.87% and 26.42%, respectively, and COsub.2 production decreased by 11.11% and 14.46%, respectively. The combined results show that the CaAl-POsub.4-LDHs synthesized in this work significantly improved the flame retardancy of bamboo scrimber. This work exhibited the great potential of the CaAl-POsub.4-LDHs, which were successfully synthesized via the coprecipitation method and applied as a flame retardant to improve the fire safety of bamboo scrimber.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The security and economic stability of many nations and multinational oil companies are highly dependent on the safe and uninterrupted operation of their oil, gas and chemical facilities. One of the ...most critical impacts that can occur to these operations is fires and explosions from accidental or political incidents. This publication is intended as a general engineering handbook and reference guideline for those personnel involved with fire and explosion protection aspects of critical hydrocarbon facilities. Design guidelines and specifications of major, small and independent oil companies as well as information from engineering firms and published industry references have been reviewed to assist in its preparation. Some of the latest published practices and research into fire and explosions have also been mentioned. Safety engineers, plants managers and hygiene personnel in the chemical and petrochemical industries will benefit from this book.
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are booming due to their high energy density, low maintenance, low self-discharge, quick charging and longevity advantages. However, the thermal stability of LIBs is ...relatively poor and their failure may cause fire and, under certain circumstances, explosion. The fire risk hinders the large scale application of LIBs in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the thermal runaway phenomenon and related fire dynamics in singe LIB cells as well as in multi-cell battery packs. Potential fire prevention measures are also discussed. Mitigating the hazards associated with a growing number of LIB applications represents a significant new challenge for the fire safety engineering community. Some perspectives and outlooks on the future of LIB fire safety research and safety engineering are given.
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•Sodium alginate gel foam (SC-GF) was prepared based on biomass materials.•The gelation time of SC-GF was successfully controlled by weakly electrolytic calcium L-lactate as a ...cross-linking agent.•SC-GF exhibited excellent fire prevention and extinguishing properties.•The fire prevention and extinguishing mechanism of SC-GF was investigated.
In order to address the environmentally friendly issue of fire prevention and extinguishing materials in coal mines, A new biomass sodium alginate gel foam (SC-GF) was prepared by using sodium alginate (SA), calcium L-lactate (CL), alkyl glycoside (APG) and tea saponin (TS). The effect of different concentrations of CL on the properties of SC-GF was analyzed by studying the gelation time, foaming volume and half-life of the SC-GF. The results show that the gelation time of SC-GF is successfully controlled by using the weak electrolyte CL as the cross-linking agent. When SA: CL: APG: TS = 4 : 1 : 2 : 1, the gelation time of SC-GF is 10 min with half-life of 16 days. Furthermore, A metal coordination bond favorable to the stability of SC-GF is formed by the carboxylate ion of α-L-gulonic acid in SA and Ca2+ ionized by CL. SC-GF exhibits excellent fire prevention and extinguishing properties. The CO concentration of the coal sample treated with SC-GF decreases from 7556.8 to 34.92 ppm in the process of oxidation at room temperature for 48 h. The temperature-programmed oxidation test shows that SC-GF can delay the accelerated oxidation temperature from 120 to 160 °C, and the CO inhibition rate is as high as 60.5 % at 200 °C. The fire extinguishing test indicates that SC-GF can significantly reduce the temperature of the coal sample and extinguish the coal fire quickly. The study is useful to develop efficient and environmentally friendly coal mine fire prevention and extinguishing materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
9.
DID YOU KNOW?
AORN journal,
10/2022, Volume:
116, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Climate extremes, poor management and lax laws are making this World Heritage Site prone to fierce fires. Researchers and governments must develop a plan to manage these risks together.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
![Preparation of PO[sub.4][su...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1420-3049/small "Preparation of PO[sub.4][sup.3−]-Intercalated Calcium–Aluminum Hydrotalcites via Coprecipitation Method and Its Flame-Retardant Effect on Bamboo Scrimber")
