Background: Infectious keratitis can be caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Fungi are a common pathogen, especially in developing countries like India, Nepal, and Bangladesh where the prevalence ...ranges from 20% to 60%. In Vietnam, fungal keratitis accounted for the highest number of keratitis cases in a study conducted at the central eye hospital over a 5-year period (57%). Therefore, it is necessary to collect specific background information connected to the types of fungal keratitis in corneal ulcer cases in this region. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fungal keratitis and the epidemiological features in 216 cases of fungal keratitis out of a total of 240 cases of infectious keratitis. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study collected secondary data from medical records of 240 inpatients with infectious keratitis who were treated at the ophthalmology hospital in Thai Binh, Vietnam, from January 01st, 2021 to June 30th, 2022. Patients with a positive fungal-directed smear were analyzed in detail for the type of fungus isolated, sociodemographic data, predisposing risk factors, prior treatment modalities, and laboratory results for the distribution pattern of fungus species. Results: Among the 240 cases, 126 (52.5%) were diagnosed with fungal keratitis by direct microscopic examination. Culture results showed the highest rate of Fusarium spp. (43.3%). The age group of 41–60 years was most commonly involved (40.5%). Males were more affected by fungal keratitis than females, (53.2% compared to 46.8%), with farmers being the most common occupation correlated with fungal keratitis (55.6%). The rate of fungal keratitis patients due to agricultural injuries was the highest compared to other risks (47.6%) and most patients self-medicated before going to the hospital, with many not knowing or remembering what medications they had taken (52.4%). Conclusion: The study revealed a high rate of fungal keratitis among the total of infectious keratitis cases in Thai Binh, Vietnam. Fusarium spp. was the most commonly isolated fungi. The study also highlighted the impact of agricultural injuries on fungal keratitis, especially in regions like Thai Binh.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objetivo. Determinar el efecto citotóxico e inducción de la apoptosis de Deoxinivalenol (DON) sobre la línea celular de hepatocarcinoma humano (HepG2). Materiales y métodos. La línea celular HepG2 se ...expuso a concentraciones de 10, 25, 50 y 75 µM de DON liofilizado durante 48 y 72 horas. Posteriormente, la actividad citotóxica de DON se evaluó empleando el ensayo MTT (bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil) -2, 5-difeniltetrazolio). Finalmente, se analizaron los cambios morfológicos propios de la apoptosis en las células HepG2 por microscopía electrónica de transmisión, después del tratamiento con 50 μM de DON durante 48 horas. Resultados. DON, afecta la actividad metabólica y proliferación de las células HepG2 por encima de los 10 µM, en comparación con el control. La concentración inhibitoria media (CI50) de DON sobre las células HepG2, fue de 42.8 µM DE±1.2 y de 29.6 µM DE±3.1 a las 48 horas y 72 horas de tratamiento, respectivamente. Se observaron características morfológicas de la apoptosis en las células HepG2, como la fragmentación nuclear y celular, invaginación de la membrana plasmática y formación de los cuerpos apoptóticos. Conclusiones. DON, es un agente citotóxico sobre las células HepG2 que altera la actividad metabólica celular, con un efecto antiproliferativo significativo de manera dependiente a la concentración y al tiempo de exposición, e induce la muerte celular apoptótica.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ear rot is a serious disease that affects maize yield and grain quality worldwide. The mycotoxins are often hazardous to humans and livestock. In samples collected in China between 2009 and 2014, ...Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum species complex were the dominant fungi causing ear rot. According to the TEF-1α gene sequence, F. graminearum species complex in China included three independent species: F. graminearum, F. meridionale, and F. boothii. The key gene FUM1 responsible for the biosynthesis of fumonisin was detected in all 82 F. verticillioides isolates. Among these, 57 isolates mainly produced fumonisin B1, ranging from 2.52 to 18,416.44 µg/g for each gram of dry hyphal weight, in vitro. Three different toxigenic chemotypes were detected among 78 F. graminearum species complex: 15-ADON, NIV and 15-ADON+NIV. Sixty and 16 isolates represented the 15-ADON and NIV chemotypes, respectively; two isolates carried both 15-ADON and NIV-producing segments. All the isolates carrying NIV-specific segment were F. meridionale. The in vitro production of 15-ADON, 3-ADON, DON, and ZEN varied from 5.43 to 81,539.49; 6.04 to 19,590.61; 13.35 to 19,795.33; and 1.77 to 430.24 µg/g of dry hyphal weight, respectively. Altogether, our present data demonstrate potential main mycotoxin production of dominant pathogenic Fusarium in China.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
В результате исследования на поверхностях тела и в физиологических жидкостях H. vigintioctomaculata были обнаружены микроконидии и макроконидии грибов рода Fusarium. На челюстях насекомых наблюдалось ...большое количество гиф, много микроконидий, небольшое количество макроконидий (0.4–0.9%); в экскрементах — гифы и микроконидии; на ногах — гифы, микроконидии и до 20% макроконидий. Отрыжка содержала 4.6% микроконидий и до 95.4% макроконидий. Самое большое количество макроконидий (30%) с одной, тремя и четырьмя перетяжками наблюдалось в кишечнике. Установлено, что конидии Fusarium spp. сохраняют контагиозность после прохождения пищеварительного тракта картофельной коровки. Максимальный балл повреждения на 14-е сутки после заражения наблюдался на растениях, зараженных содержимым отрыжки и кишечника (96 и 90% развития болезни соответственно), наименьший — для инфицированных содержимым экскрементов (64% развития болезни). Полученные данные свидетельствуют о возможности распространения фузарий в агробиоценозе картофельного поля посредством питания и миграции H. vigintioctomaculata.
SAAF Fungicide is a systemic and contact fungicide that is used to prevent leaf spot, blast disease, rust disease, and other types of fungi pests in all kinds of crops, especially on vegetable plant. ...Hence, the objective of this paper as to compare the effects of Potassium Iodate and SAAF-fungicide on the control of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and the Yield of Pepper (Capsicum spp L.) using appropriate standard methods. Agronomic data such as number of leaves, plant height and flowers was collected. Disease incidence and severity as well as yield were measured and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Among all the treatment, Gulpinar F1 with KIO3 has the highest height and number of leaves across the experiment while negative control has the least height and number of leaves. De cayenne with SAAF has the highest yield of pepper harvested followed by Gulpinar F1 with KIO3, the negative control has the highest disease infection and severity, there are very mild infection on the treated plots. The two treatments have positive effect on the growth, disease control and yield of pepper. The highest pepper yield was achieved from SAAF treated sample.
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•We propose a new way to control Fusarium spp. contamination on cereals in fields or after harvest by CAP.•3-min CAP achieves effective inactivation (2 to 6-log reduction) of Fusarium ...spore.•CAP inhibits DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum in vitro.•CAP controls F. graminearum growth and DON production on wheat grains.•CAP reduces the pathogenicity of F. graminearum in wheat coleoptiles and florets.
Fusarium spp. is one of the most destructive plant pathogenic fungi worldwide, not only causing many devastating crop diseases with huge economic losses, but also threatening human and livestock health by producing mycotoxins. Recently, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has gained much interest as a promising approach to control fungi and mycotoxins. However, the effects of CAP on fungal toxigenicity and pathogenicity were still rarely reported. Herein, this study investigated the influence of CAP on fungal growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis, and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. both in vitro and in vivo. The in-vitro results show that CAP generated various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in water, effectively inactivating four major Fusarium strains (2 to 6 log10 reduction) through destructing cell membrane, accumulating intracellular ROS, and depolarizing mitochondrial membrane. Meanwhile, CAP inhibited DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum via reducing acetyl-CoA production, toxisomes formation, and key trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) expression. Further in-vivo results verify that CAP can inactivate fungal spores and reduce DON production on wheat grains, as well as reduce the pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum in wheat coleoptiles and florets. Overall, these findings provide comprehensive insights into the antifungal and detoxification mechanism of CAP against F. graminearum, which promotes the application of CAP in controlling pathogenic fungus growth and mycotoxin production in grains and crops.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Bakanae is one of the important diseases of rice in Bangladesh that causes substantial yield loss every year. We collected thirty isolates of Fusarium spp. from bakanae-infected rice plants from ...different agroecological zones of Bangladesh and investigated the variations in cultural and morphological characteristics and pathogenicity. Diversity was found in cultural characteristics, viz., colony features, phialide, chlamydospore formation, shape, and size of macro- and microconidia. Three variants of Fusarium species such as F. moniliforme, F. fujikuroi, and F. proliferatum were identified on PDA media based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. Isolate FM10 (F. moniliforme) exhibited the highest disease aggressiveness in developing elongated plants (26.50 cm), the highest number of chlorotic leaves (5.75), and a lower germination percentage. We evaluated different bioagents against the virulent isolate of F. moniliforme to develop a rice bakanae disease management approach. Four bioagents, viz., Trichoderma spp., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Achromobacter spp., were evaluated for growth suppression of F. moniliforme. Among the bioagents, Achromobacter spp. and B. subtilis (BS21) showed 73.54% and 71.61% growth suppression, respectively. The investigation revealed that the application of Achromobacter spp. and B. subtilis (BS21) would be a potential candidate for effective and eco-friendly management of the bakanae disease of rice.
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a common problem in major apple planting areas, and biological factors play a leading role in its etiology. Here, we isolated the bacterial strain QSB-6 from the ...rhizosphere soil of healthy apple trees in a replanted orchard using the serial dilution method. Strain QSB-6 was provisionally identified as
based on its morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, carbon source utilization, and chemical sensitivity. Maximum likelihood analysis based on four gene sequences 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA), DNA gyrase subunit A (gyrA), DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB), and RNA polymerase subunit B (rpoB) from QSB-6 and other strains indicated that it had 100% homology with
, thereby confirming its identification. Flat standoff tests showed that strain QSB-6 had a strong inhibitory effect on
,
,
,
,
,
,
sp.,
,
,
, and
, and it had broad-spectrum antibacterial characteristics. Extracellular metabolites from strain QSB-6 showed a strong inhibitory effect on
hyphal growth and spore germination, causing irregular swelling, atrophy, rupture, and cytoplasmic leakage of fungal hyphae. Analysis of its metabolites showed that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzeneacetic acid, 3- hydroxy-, methyl ester had good inhibitory effects on
, and increased the length of primary roots and the number of lateral roots of
plantlet. Pot experiments demonstrated that a QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2) significantly improved the growth of
Rehd. seedlings. It increased root length, surface area, tips, and forks, respiration rate, protective enzyme activities, and the number of soil bacteria while reducing the number of soil fungi. Fermentation broth from strain QSB-6 effectively prevented root damage from
. terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays showed that the T2 treatment significantly reduced the abundance of
in the soil and altered the soil fungal community structure. In summary,
QSB-6 has a good inhibitory effect on
in the soil and can significantly promote plant root growth. It has great potential as a biological control agent against ARD.
Fusarium spp. has been associated with a broad spectrum of emerging infections collectively termed fusariosis. This review includes articles published between 2005 and 2018 that describe the ...characteristics, clinical management, incidence, and emergence of these fungal infections. Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum are globally distributed and represent the most common complexes. Few therapeutic options exist due to intrinsic resistance, especially for the treatment of invasive fusariosis. Therefore, the use of drug combinations could be an important alternative for systemic antifungal resistance. Increase in the number of case reports on invasive fusariosis between 2005 and 2018 is evidence of the emergence of this fungal infection.
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Fusarium species threaten wheat crops around the world and cause global losses. The global trend is toward using biological materials such as selenium (Se) in nano form to control ...these fungi. Bulk selenium is toxic and harmful at high doses; however, selenium nanoparticles are safe; therefore, the aim of this study to employ the biological selenium nanoparticles (BioSeNPs) synthesized by Lactobacillus acidophilus ML14 in controlling wheat crown and root rot diseases (CRDs) induced by Fusarium spp., especially Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum, and their reflection on the growth and productivity of wheat. The ability of BioSeNPs to suppress the development and propagation of F. culmorum and F. graminearum and the CRDs incidence were also investigated. The obtained BioSeNPs were spherical with a size of 46 nm and a net charge of –23.48. The BioSeNPs significantly scavenged 88 and 92% of DPPḢ and ABTṠ radicals and successfully inhibited the fungal growth in the range of 20–40 µg/mL; these biological activities were related to the small size of BioSeNPs and the phenolic content in their suspension. Under greenhouse conditions, the wheat supplemented with BioSeNPs (100 µg/mL) was significantly reduced the incidence of CRDs by 75% and considerably enhanced plant growth, grain quantity and quality by 5–40%. Also, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange parameters were significantly increased as compared to chemical selenium nanoparticles (Che-SeNPs) and control. This study results could be recommended the use of BioSeNPs (100 µg/mL) in reducing CRDs incidence and severity in wheat plants, enhancing their tolerance with drought and heat stress, and increasing their growth and productivity as compared to control and Che-SeNPs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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