As an environmentally friendly fuel, hydrogen is one of the research hotspots of renewable energy currently, but transportation and utilization of pure hydrogen remain to be improved due to vast ...investments and high risk. Therefore, as a transitional program before the implementation of large-scale applications, mixing hydrogen into natural gas pipeline is an effective and feasible method. The paper studied the influence of natural gas mixed with hydrogen at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume on the performance of domestic gas appliances including domestic gas stoves and gas water heaters. The experiments show that the flame length shortened with increasing proportion of hydrogen. Flashback can be obviously observed when hydrogen addition reaches to 23% in gas water heaters. It is concluded that the measured heat inputs of domestic gas appliances decrease gradually with the increase of hydrogen addition, but the thermal efficiency increases. The increasing proportion of hydrogen mixed with natural gas promotes the emission reduction of CO and NOx for most test samples. When hydrogen addition fraction is up to 20%, annual CO2 emission reduction can reach 9.33% in gas water heaters, but when the hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis, the annual fuel cost will increase 32.7% on average.
•Flashback in gas water heaters can occur when hydrogen is more than 23%.•The air entrainment capacity increases with the increase of hydrogen proportion.•Hydrogen addition can improve the thermal efficiency of domestic gas appliances.•20% hydrogen addition achieves 9.33 % annual CO2 emission reduction.
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Nowadays people are busy with work for full fill our daily life hence we forget to care about the small matters in our living area, especially in the kitchen household such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas ...(LPG) stove. Leaking of LPG can happen without we notice that when the LPG has some or small leakage either from the rubber tubing, faulty regulator fitting, and poor handling of gas appliances that can affect to the house or risk the life of the living persons in the house. Besides that, this gas is colorless and odorless which makes us not notice it. The main objective of this project is to study the operation of Arduino and GSM modules on LPG detectors. Other than that, to develop a programming software system for Arduino. This System design consists of two main modules: detection and transmission module, and receiver module. Detection and the transmission module detect gas changes in concentration using special sensing circuits built for this aim. This module checks for changes in concentration gas has exceeded a predetermined limit and the receiving module functions as a cellular alarm device to allow it mobility in the house. This project is focusing on the product that will be created and the effectiveness of the product on the household application. This project had achieved the objective that has been stated and it is successfully functioning.
This study spatially and temporally aligns top-down and bottomup methane emission estimates for a natural gas production basin, using multiscale emission measurements and detailed activity data ...reporting. We show that episodic venting from manual liquid unloadings, which occur at a small fraction of natural gas well pads, drives a factor-of-two temporal variation in the basin-scale emission rate of a US dry shale gas play. The midafternoon peak emission rate aligns with the sampling time of all regional aircraft emission studies, which target well-mixed boundary layer conditions present in the afternoon. A mechanistic understanding of emission estimates derived from various methods is critical for unbiased emission verification and effective greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Our results demonstrate that direct comparison of emission estimates from methods covering widely different timescales can be misleading.
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Numerous fire accidents have occurred in Japan owing to food overheating when cooking on gas stoves because users left the cooking area unattended. In response, authorities enacted a legal revision ...mandating temperature sensor installation on gas stove burners. Nevertheless, the actual effectiveness of this measure remains uncertain. Furthermore, prior studies have raised concerns about the efficacy of specific safety standards for consumer products owing to insufficient evidence of reduction in accidents. Consequently, this study seeks to assess the impact of the standards revision implemented in 2008, requiring the placement of safety devices on all gas stove burners. Through a comprehensive analysis, it was aimed to ascertain how these measures have precisely influenced safety outcomes in cooking-related incidents. The data in this study were subdivided to mitigate potential bias from user attributes during data collection. The analysis employed the difference-in-differences method, specifically utilizing one-burner gas stoves unaffected by the standards revision. The data used in this study include accidents associated with gas stoves, spanning the period 2007-2019. To estimate the likelihood of overheating accidents, a binomial distribution model that utilized the Markov chain Monte Carlo methods was applied. For gas stoves with two or more burners, which were affected by the standards revision, the estimated probability of overheating accidents decreased by approximately 80%. In contrast, no decreasing trend was observed for one-burner gas stoves. The analysis suggests that the mandatory installation of safety devices on gas stoves has indeed resulted in a significant reduction in overheating accidents.
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5.
No longer cooking with gas Kevin You
Review (Institute of Public Affairs (Australia) : 1997),
09/2023, Volume:
75, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Banning gas connections to new homes as has been done first in Victoria is another net zero hit to mainstream Australians, warns IPA Senior Fellow Kevin You.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
6.
No longer cooking with gas Kevin You
Review (Institute of Public Affairs (Australia) : 1997),
09/2023, Volume:
75, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Banning gas connections to new homes as has been done first in Victoria is another net zero hit to mainstream Australians, warns IPA Senior Fellow Kevin You.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel is commonly expected to play a major role in future energy supply, e.g., as an admixture gas in natural gas grids. Which impacts on residential and commercial gas ...appliances can be expected due to the significantly different physical and chemical properties of hydrogen-enriched natural gas? This paper analyses and discusses blends of hydrogen and natural gas from the perspective of combustion science. The admixture of hydrogen into natural gas changes the properties of the fuel gas. Depending on the combustion system, burner design and other boundary conditions, these changes may cause higher combustion temperatures and laminar combustion velocities, while changing flame positions and shapes are also to be expected. For appliances that are designed for natural gas, these effects may cause risk of flashback, reduced operational safety, material deterioration, higher nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx), and efficiency losses. Theoretical considerations and first measurements indicate that the effects of hydrogen admixture on combustion temperatures and the laminar combustion velocities are often largely mitigated by a shift towards higher air excess ratios in the absence of combustion control systems, but also that common combustion control technologies may be unable to react properly to the presence of hydrogen in the fuel.
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This study was conducted to assess the current impact of natural gas appliances on air quality in California homes. Data were collected via telephone interviews and measurements inside and outside of ...352 homes. Passive samplers measured time‐resolved CO and time‐integrated NOX, NO2, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde over ~6‐day periods in November 2011 – April 2012 and October 2012 – March 2013. The fraction of indoor NOX and NO2 attributable to indoor sources was estimated. NOX, NO2, and highest 1‐h CO were higher in homes that cooked with gas and increased with amount of gas cooking. NOX and NO2 were higher in homes with cooktop pilot burners, relative to gas cooking without pilots. Homes with a pilot burner on a floor or wall furnace had higher kitchen and bedroom NOX and NO2 compared to homes without a furnace pilot. When scaled to account for varying home size and mixing volume, indoor‐attributed bedroom and kitchen NOX and kitchen NO2 were not higher in homes with wall or floor furnace pilot burners, although bedroom NO2 was higher. In homes that cooked 4 h or more with gas, self‐reported use of kitchen exhaust was associated with lower NOX, NO2, and highest 1‐h CO. Gas appliances were not associated with higher concentrations of formaldehyde or acetaldehyde.
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Three billion people use solid cooking fuels, and 4 million people die from household air pollution annually. Shifting households to clean fuels, like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), may protect ...health only if stoves are consistently used. Few studies have used an implementation science framework to systematically assess "de-implementation" of traditional stoves, and none have done so with pregnant women who are more likely to adopt new behaviors. We evaluated an introduced LPG stove coupled with a phased behavioral intervention to encourage exclusive gas stove use among pregnant women in rural Guatemala.
We enrolled 50 women at < 20 weeks gestation in this prospective cohort study. All women received a free 3-burner LPG stove and ten tank refills. We conducted formative research using COM-B Model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). This included thematic analysis of focus group findings and classes delivered to 25 pregnant women (Phase 1). In Phase 2, we complemented classes with a home-based tailored behavioral intervention with a different group of 25 pregnant women. We mapped 35 TDF constructs onto survey questions. To evaluate stove use, we placed temperature sensors on wood and gas stoves and estimated fraction of stove use three times during pregnancy and twice during the first month after infant birth.
Class attendance rates were above 92%. We discussed feasible ways to reduce HAP exposure, proper stove use, maintenance and safety. We addressed food preferences, ease of cooking and time savings through cooking demonstrations. In Phase 2, the COM-B framework revealed that other household members needed to be involved if the gas stove was to be consistently used. Social identity and empowerment were key in decisions about stove repairs and LPG tank refills. The seven intervention functions included training, education, persuasion, incentivization, modelling, enablement and environmental restructuring. Wood stove use dropped upon introduction of the gas stove from 6.4 h to 1.9 h.
This is the first study using the COM-B Model to develop a behavioral intervention that promotes household-level sustained use of LPG stoves. This study lays the groundwork for a future LPG stove intervention trial coupled with a behavioral change intervention.
NCT02812914, registered 3 June 2016, retrospectively registered.
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BackgroundOne of the most common pollutants in residences due to gas appliances, NO2 has been shown to increase the risk of asthma attacks after small increases in short term exposure. However, ...standard environmental sampling methods taken at the regional level overlook chronic intermittent exposure due to lack of temporal and spatial granularity. Further, the EPA and WHO do not currently provide exposure recommendations to at-risk populations.AimsA pilot study with pediatric asthma patients was conducted to investigate potential deployment challenges as well as benefits of home-based NO2 sensors and, when combined with a subject’s hospital records and self-reported symptoms, the richness of data available for larger-scale epidemiological studies.MethodsWe developed a compact personal NO2 sensor with one minute temporal resolution and sensitivity down to 15 ppb to monitor exposure levels in the home. Patient hospital records were collected along with self-reported symptom diaries, and two example hypotheses were created to further demonstrate how data of this detail may enable study of the impact of NO2 in this sensitive population.Results17 patients (55%) had at least 1 h each day with average NO2 exposure >21 ppb. Frequency of acute NO2 exposure >21 ppb was higher in the group with gas stoves (U = 27, p ≤ 0.001), and showed a positive correlation (rs = 0.662, p = 0.037, 95% CI 0.36–0.84) with hospital admissions.SignificanceSimilar studies are needed to evaluate the true impact of NO2 in the home environment on at-risk populations, and to provide further data to regulatory bodies when developing updated recommendations.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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