Over the past several decades, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued to increase. Projections estimate that worldwide, more than 125 million EVs will be on the road by 2030. At the ...heart of these advanced vehicles is the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery which provides the required energy storage. This paper presents and compares key components of Li-ion batteries and describes associated battery management systems, as well as approaches to improve the overall battery efficiency, capacity, and lifespan. Material and thermal characteristics are identified as critical to battery performance. The positive and negative electrode materials, electrolytes and the physical implementation of Li-ion batteries are discussed. In addition, current research on novel high energy density batteries is presented, as well as opportunities to repurpose and recycle the batteries.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A successive preparation of FeCo2O4 nanoflakes arrays on nickel foam substrates is achieved by a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. After 170 cycles, a high capacity of 905 mAh g–1 at 200 mA g–1 ...current density and very good rate capabilities are obtained for lithium-ion battery because of the 2D porous structures of the nanoflakes arrays. The distinctive structural features provide the battery with excellent electrochemical performance. The symmetric supercapacitor on nonaqueous electrolyte demonstrates high specific capacitance of 433 F g–1 at 0.1 A g–1 and 16.7 F g–1 at high scan rate of 5 V s–1 and excellent cyclic performance of 2500 cycles of charge–discharge cycling at 2 A g–1 current density, revealing excellent long-term cyclability of the electrode even under rapid charge–discharge conditions.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Over the past 30 years, significant commercial and academic progress has been made on Li‐based battery technologies. From the early Li‐metal anode iterations to the current commercial Li‐ion ...batteries (LIBs), the story of the Li‐based battery is full of breakthroughs and back tracing steps. This review will discuss the main roles of material science in the development of LIBs. As LIB research progresses and the materials of interest change, different emphases on the different subdisciplines of material science are placed. Early works on LIBs focus more on solid state physics whereas near the end of the 20th century, researchers began to focus more on the morphological aspects (surface coating, porosity, size, and shape) of electrode materials. While it is easy to point out which specific cathode and anode materials are currently good candidates for the next‐generation of batteries, it is difficult to explain exactly why those are chosen. In this review, for the reader a complete developmental story of LIB should be clearly drawn, along with an explanation of the reasons responsible for the various technological shifts. The review will end with a statement of caution for the current modern battery research along with a brief discussion on beyond lithium‐ion battery chemistries.
The major development events in the history of lithium‐ion batteries are presented and the driving forces responsible for the various technological shifts are discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Widespread application of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) in large‐scale transportation and grid storage systems requires highly stable and safe performance of the batteries in prolonged and diverse service ...conditions. Oxygen release from oxygen‐containing positive electrode materials is one of the major structural degradations resulting in rapid capacity/voltage fading of the battery and triggering the parasitic thermal runaway events. Herein, the authors summarize the recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of the oxygen release phenomena and correlative structural degradations observed in four major groups of cathode materials: layered, spinel, olivine, and Li‐rich cathodes. In addition, the engineering and materials design approaches that improve the structural integrity of the cathode materials and minimize the detrimental O2 evolution reaction are summarized. The authors believe that this review can guide researchers on developing mitigation strategies for the design of next‐generation oxygen‐containing cathode materials where the oxygen release is no longer a major degradation issue.
The oxygen release from cathodes in the presence of organic electrolyte decomposition products can trigger thermal runaway reactions and battery failure. Overcharging the cathodes, high temperatures, high voltage cycling, or abusing electrochemical cycling can facilitate the reactions leading to oxygen release from cathodes. This article reviews the mechanisms underlying the oxygen release phenomenon and mitigation strategies to prevent it.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•The idea of “waste+waste→resources.” was used on this study.•Based on thermodynamic analysis, the possible reaction between LiCoO2 and graphite was obtained.•The residues of ...oxygen-free roasting are cobalt, lithium carbonate and graphite.•The recovery rate of Co and Li is 95.72% and 98.93% after wet magnetic separation.•It provides the rationale for environmental-friendly recycling spent LIBs in industrial-scale.
The definite aim of the present paper is to present some novel methods that use oxygen-free roasting and wet magnetic separation to in situ recycle of cobalt, Lithium Carbonate and Graphite from mixed electrode materials. The in situ recycling means to change waste into resources by its own components, which is an idea of “waste+waste→resources.” After mechanical scraping the mixed electrode materials enrich powders of LiCoO2 and graphite. The possible reaction between LiCoO2 and graphite was obtained by thermodynamic analysis. The feasibility of the reaction at high temperature was studied with the simultaneous thermogravimetry analysis under standard atmospheric pressure. Then the oxygen-free roasting/wet magnetic separation method was used to transfer the low added value mixed electrode materials to high added value products. The results indicated that, through the serious technologies of oxygen-free roasting and wet magnetic separation, mixture materials consist with LiCoO2 and graphite powders are transferred to the individual products of cobalt, Lithium Carbonate and Graphite. Because there is not any chemical solution added in the process, the cost of treating secondary pollution can be saved. This study provides a theoretical basis for industrial-scale recycling resources from spent LIBs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Engineering electrode nanostructures is critical in developing high‐capacity, fast rate‐response, and safe Li‐ion batteries. This study demonstrates the synthesis of orthorhombic Nb2O5@Nb4C3Tx (or ...@Nb2CTx) hierarchical composites via a one‐step oxidation —in flowing CO2 at 850 °C —of 2D Nb4C3Tx (or Nb2CTx) MXene. The composites possess a layered architecture with orthorhombic Nb2O5 nanoparticles decorated uniformly on the surface of the MXene flakes and interconnected by disordered carbon. The composites have a capacity of 208 mAh g−1 at a rate of 50 mA g−1 (0.25 C) in 1–3 V versus Li+/Li, and retain 94% of the specific capacity with 100% Coulombic efficiency after 400 cycles. The good electrochemical performances could be attributed to three synergistic effects: (1) the high conductivity of the interior, unoxidized Nb4C3Tx layers, (2) the fast rate response and high capacity of the external Nb2O5 nanoparticles, and (3) the electron “bridge” effects of the disordered carbon. This oxidation method was successfully extended to Ti3C2Tx and Nb2CTx MXenes to prepare corresponding composites with similar hierarchical structures. Since this is an early report on producing this structure, there is much room to push the boundaries further and achieve better electrochemical performance.
The oxidation of Nb4C3Tx MXene in CO2 results in a hierarchical T‐Nb2O5@Nb4C3Tx layered composite, that combines the high capacity of the external orthorhombic T‐Nb2O5, coupled with the high electrical conductivity of the interior unoxidized Nb4C3Tx and the electron bridge effect of the disordered carbon. This composite exhibits high capacity at high rate when used as Li‐ion battery anode.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The high nickel ternary cathode materials LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 (NCA) have been widely used in Li-ion batteries due to their high energy density, low cost, and little environmental pollution. ...However, it suffers from rapid capacity degradation and poor charging rate. In this work, Ti4+ doping NCA cathode materials are prepared by the high-temperature solid-state method. The results show that 0.5%Ti-NCA has a lower cationic mixing degree and better cycling performance. The capacity retention rate of 100 cycles is 98.91% and 96.59% at current densities of 0.5 C and 1.0 C, respectively. The CV and EIS test results show that 0.5%Ti-NCA has lower polarization and higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient DLi+(8.43×10−14 cm2/S) after 100 cycles, while Pure-NCA only has 6.92×10−15 cm2/S, which effectively enhances the electrochemical properties of NCA cathode materials.
•Ti4+ hinders the cross-layer migration of Ni2+ and further reduces the cation mixing.•The charge compensation function of Ti4+ makes it have excellent performances.•The diffusion rate of Li+ increases due to Ti4+ increases the lattice parameter c.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An ultrathin MgO coating was synthesized via atomic layer deposition (ALD) to improve the surface properties of the LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) cathode. An in-situ quartz crystal sensor was used to ...monitor the “self-limiting” surface reactions during ALD process and estimate the density of the deposited film. The electrochemical performance of the MgO-coated NMC cathode was evaluated in a half-cell assembly and compared to other ALD-based coatings, such as Al2O3 and ZrO2. Cyclic voltammetry studies suggested that ALD MgO has a higher Li-diffusion coefficient which resulted in lower overpotential on the NMC cathode surface and improved Li-ion battery rate performance. MgO-coated NMC also yielded improved capacity retention over uncoated NMC in a long-range cycling test.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Abstract
Li
3
YCl
6
is a promising candidate for solid electrolytes (SEs) in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries due to its high ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and compatibility with ...metal-oxide electrodes. The monoclinic and trigonal crystal structures of Li
3
YCl
6
with space groups C2/c and P-3m1 have been studied extensively, while little attention has been given to the trigonal P-3c1 phase (space group no. 165). Additionally, Li-ion diffusion mechanism in 3d transition metal (TM) substituted compounds along with their structural stability are interesting to study. Therefore, we investigate the Li diffusion mechanism in Li
3
YCl
6
and TM substituted Li
3
YCl6 in the P-3c1 phase using first-principles calculations. We have found that all the substituted compounds are thermodynamically stable at room temperature and show high oxidation stability. Li
3
Y
0.875
Co
0.125
Cl
6
exhibits the lowest activation energy (0.11 eV) for Li-ion diffusion and the highest Li-ion mobility (
σ
= 0.39 mS cm
−1
at room temperature), which is strongly anisotropic. We used the Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population method to analyze the bonding characteristics of Li
3
YCl
6
and 3d TM substituted Li
3
YCl
6
and found that the Co–Cl bond is weaker than the Cr–Cl bond. This may explain the lower activation energy observed for Li
3
Y
0.875
Co
0.125
Cl
6
. Our results provide insights into the substitution effect in Li
3
YCl
6
superionic conductors, which could guide the design and development of high-performance SEs for Li-ion batteries.
Flexible thin film all-solid-state Li-ion batteries are considered as promising candidates to power a multitude of flexible and miniaturized electronic devices. The production of crystalline battery ...active materials generally involves high process temperatures above 500 °C. One current challenge in mechanically flexible thin film electrode fabrication is the direct deposition of such crystalline active materials onto temperature sensitive substrates. In the current work we have made a paradigm shift depositing highly pure crystalline Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles onto a flexible polyimide foil in a single step using flame spray pyrolysis technique. The Li4Ti5O12 films were mechanically compressed at room temperature to 0.55 µm thin layers, to enhance their adhesion to the substrates, i.e. to increase mechanical stability. The smooth Li4Ti5O12 electrodes were covered with a solid electrolyte and tested against lithium metal electrodes. Stable electrochemical cycling behavior of the battery cells demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed technique for LTO thin film electrode fabrication on temperature sensitive and mechanically flexible polyimide substrates. Fundamental data on possible electrode cyclability upon electrode bending was obtained by successful cycling of LTO flex-TFBs in statically bent condition. This study could initialize a new branch for facile manufacturing of flexible thin film battery cells.
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•Deposition of crystalline Li4Ti5O12 particles on flexible polymer substrates avoiding heat-treatments.•Assembling Li4Ti5O12 thin film electrodes in flexible all-solid-state battery cells.•Stable electrochemical cycling behavior of all-solid-state battery cells in flat and bent condition.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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