In Shopping for Pleasure , Erika Rappaport reconstructs
London's Victorian and Edwardian West End as an entertainment and
retail center. In this neighborhood of stately homes, royal
palaces, and ...spacious parks and squares, a dramatic transformation
unfolded that ultimately changed the meaning of femininity and the
lives of women, shaping their experience of modernity. Rappaport
illuminates the various forces of the period that encouraged and
discouraged women's enjoyment of public life and particularly shows
how shopping came to be seen as the quintessential leisure activity
for middle- and upper-class women. Through extensive histories of
department stores, women's magazines, clubs, teashops, restaurants,
and the theater as interwoven sites of consumption, Shopping
for Pleasure uncovers how a new female urban culture emerged
before and after the turn of the twentieth century. Moving beyond
the question of whether shopping promoted or limited women's
freedom, the author draws on diverse sources to explore how
business practices, legal decisions, and cultural changes affected
women in the market. In particular, she focuses on how and why
stores presented themselves as pleasurable, secure places for the
urban woman, in some cases defining themselves as instrumental to
civic improvement and women's emancipation. Rappaport also
considers such influences as merchandizing strategies, credit
policies, changes in public transportation, feminism, and the
financial balance of power within the home. Shopping for
Pleasure is thus both a social and cultural history of the
West End, but on a broader scale it reveals the essential interplay
between the rise of consumer society, the birth of modern
femininity, and the making of contemporary London.
The current diagnostic system for subjects at enhanced clinical risk of psychosis allows concurrent comorbid diagnoses of anxiety and depressive disorders. Their impact on the presenting high-risk ...psychopathology, functioning, and transition outcomes has not been widely researched.
In a large sample of subjects with an At-Risk Mental State (ARMS, n = 509), we estimated the prevalence of DSM/SCID anxiety or depressive disorders and their impact on psychopathology, functioning, and psychosis transition. A meta-analytical review of the literature complemented the analysis.
About 73% of ARMS subjects had a comorbid axis I diagnosis in addition to the "at-risk" signs and symptoms. About 40% of ARMS subjects had a comorbid diagnosis of depressive disorder while anxiety disorders were less frequent (8%). The meta-analysis conducted in 1683 high-risk subjects confirmed that baseline prevalence of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders is respectively 41% and 15%. At a psychopathological level, comorbid diagnoses of anxiety or depression were associated with higher suicidality or self-harm behaviors, disorganized/odd/stigmatizing behavior, and avolition/apathy. Comorbid anxiety and depressive diagnoses were also associated with impaired global functioning but had no effect on risk of transition to frank psychosis. Meta-regression analyses confirmed no effect of baseline anxiety and/or depressive comorbid diagnoses on transition to psychosis.
The ARMS patients are characterized by high prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in addition to their attenuated psychotic symptoms. These symptoms may reflect core emotional dysregulation processes and delusional mood in prodromal psychosis. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are likely to impact the ongoing psychopathology, the global functioning, and the overall longitudinal outcome of these patients.
Measures of attributable risk are an integral part of epidemiological analyses, particularly when aimed at the planning and evaluation of public health interventions. However, the current definition ...of such measures does not consider any temporal relationships between exposure and risk. In this contribution, we propose extended definitions of attributable risk within the framework of distributed lag non-linear models, an approach recently proposed for modelling delayed associations in either linear or non-linear exposure-response associations.
We classify versions of attributable number and fraction expressed using either a forward or backward perspective. The former specifies the future burden due to a given exposure event, while the latter summarizes the current burden due to the set of exposure events experienced in the past. In addition, we illustrate how the components related to sub-ranges of the exposure can be separated.
We apply these methods for estimating the mortality risk attributable to outdoor temperature in two cities, London and Rome, using time series data for the periods 1993-2006 and 1992-2010, respectively. The analysis provides estimates of the overall mortality burden attributable to temperature, and then computes the components attributable to cold and heat and then mild and extreme temperatures.
These extended definitions of attributable risk account for the additional temporal dimension which characterizes exposure-response associations, providing more appropriate attributable measures in the presence of dependencies characterized by potentially complex temporal patterns.
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Learning at a distance and learning online are growing in scale and importance in higher education, presenting opportunities for large scale, inclusive, flexible and engaging learning. These modes of ...learning swept the world in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The many challenges of providing effective education online and remotely have been acknowledged, particularly by those who rapidly jumped into online and distance education during the crisis. This volume, edited by the University of London’s Centre for Online and Distance Education, addresses the practice and theory of online and distance education, building on knowledge and expertise developed in the University over some 150 years. The University is currently providing distance transnational education to around 50,000 students in more than 180 countries around the world. Throughout the book, contributors explore important principles and highlight successful practices in areas including course design and pedagogy, online assessment, open education, inclusive practice, and enabling student voice. Case studies illustrate prominent issues and approaches. Together, the chapters offer current and future leaders and practitioners a practical, productive, practice- and theory-informed account of the present and likely future state of online and distance higher education worldwide.
This paper addresses methodological approaches to comparative urban geography and the consequences of such approaches. It demonstrates three ways by which an imaginative comparison can be constructed ...and employed: letting the sites speak to one another, repeated instance analysis, and tracing. Successfully employing these methods requires adopting comparison as both an implicit ethos and explicit approach during data collection and analysis, answering “why is it different here?” Reflecting on the impact of utilising comparative approaches, I argue that comparative urbanism helps balance the unique and ubiquitous conclusions from research, and forces researchers to question the norms or assumptions they hold from doing singular case study research, which in turn foregrounds the situational nature of urban governance in analysis. In the specifics of this paper, it also helps uncover assumptions around the power of state and reveals (some) global elite urban networks.
This paper addresses methodological approaches to comparative urban geography and the consequences of such approaches. It demonstrates three ways by which an imaginative comparison can be constructed and employed: letting the sites speak to one another, repeated instance analysis, and tracing. Successfully employing these methods requires adopting comparison as both an implicit ethos and explicit approach during data collection and analysis, answering "why is it different here?"
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aims
Admission rates for acute decompensated heart failure (HF) declined during the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, the impact of this reduction on hospital mortality is unknown. We describe temporal ...trends in the presentation of patients with acute HF and their in‐hospital outcomes at two referral centres in London during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Methods and results
A total of 1372 patients hospitalized for HF in two referral centres in South London between 7 January and 14 June 2020 were included in the study and their outcomes compared with those of equivalent patients of the same time period in 2019. The primary outcome was all‐cause in‐hospital mortality. The number of HF hospitalizations was significantly reduced during the COVID‐19 pandemic, compared with 2019 (P < 0.001). Specifically, we observed a temporary reduction in hospitalizations during the COVID‐19 peak, followed by a return to 2019 levels. Patients admitted during the COVID‐19 pandemic had demographic characteristics similar to those admitted during the equivalent period in 2019. However, in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2019 (P = 0.015). Hospitalization in 2020 was independently associated with worse in‐hospital mortality (hazard ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.34–3.72; P = 0.002).
Conclusions
During the COVID‐19 pandemic there was a reduction in HF hospitalization and a higher rate of in‐hospital mortality. Hospitalization for HF in 2020 is independently associated with more adverse outcomes. Further studies are required to investigate the predictors of these adverse outcomes to help inform potential changes to the management of HF patients while some constraints to usual care remain.
Temporal trends in heart failure admission and adjusted Kaplan–Meier curves for in‐hospital mortality during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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This paper presents an overview investigation of Jews' Court, Lincoln, research findings, and preliminary thoughts on the form and location of the English medieval synagogue. Dr Cecil Roth assigned ...synagogue use to the building in the medieval period; however, its appearance is of post-medieval date. The study which took a buildings archaeology approach concluded that Roth's hypothesis was incorrect. It further investigated the divergent opinions on the building's construction date and phasing. This paper presents thoughts on the use of medieval building typologies to inform the understanding of the material evidence for the Medieval Anglo-Jewish community and hypotheses on the form and location of medieval synagogues.
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The interdependencies between bicycle sharing and public transportation systems are not yet fully understood. This paper aims to measure and characterize the impacts of a public transportation ...disruption on bicycle sharing mobility patterns in London using data from more than 1 million bicycle trips from July 2015. The paper provides a comparative analysis of bicycle sharing spatial mobility patterns before, during, and after a disruption in public transportation system. We also apply a complex network-theoretic approach to uncover the impact of the disruption on the connectivity of the bicycle sharing usage network. We found that the disruption in public transportation in London increased the total number of bicycle sharing trips by 85% from an average 38,886 to 72,503 trips per day. The duration of trips also increased by 88% from an average 23 to 43min. The disruption also had a considerable impact on the structure and properties of the bicycle sharing mobility network. The connectivity of the network of bicycle sharing trips increased by 88% from 0.102 to 0.187. We found that many of the observed changes are heterogeneously distributed over space suggesting that the impact of the disruption was not uniform across the network. However, the structure of communities in the bicycle sharing mobility network remained roughly invariant from day to day. The applied geo-statistical approach complemented with the complex network-driven methodology provides a better understanding of the interdependencies between the bicycle sharing and public transportation systems in London.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Riots are extreme events, and much of the early research on rioting suggested that the decision making of rioters was far from rational and could only be understood from the perspective of a ...collective mind. In the current study, we derive and test a set of expectations regarding rioter spatial decision making developed from theories originally intended to explain patterns of urban crime when law and order prevail—crime pattern and social disorganization theory—and consider theories of collective behavior and contagion. To do this, we use data for all riot‐related incidents that occurred in London in August 2011 that were detected by the police. Unlike most studies of victimization, we use a random utility model to examine simultaneously how the features of the destinations selected by rioters, the origins of their journeys, and the characteristics of the offenders influence offender spatial decision making. The results demonstrate that rioter target choices were far from random and provide support for all three types of theory, but for crime pattern theory in particular. For example, rioters were more likely to engage in the disorder close to their home location and to select areas that contained routine activity nodes and transport hubs, and they were less likely to cross the Thames River. In terms of contagion, rioters were found to be more likely to target areas that had experienced rioting in the previous 24 hours. From a policy perspective, the findings provide insight into the types of areas that may be most vulnerable during riots and why this is the case, and when particular areas are likely to be at an elevated risk of this type of disorder.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PRFLJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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