Los historiadores antiguos informan que entre los siglos VI y II a.C. diversas embajadas viajaron de Cartago a Tiro para llevar a cabo ofrendas al templo de Melqart. Los componentes de estas ...delegaciones son definidos por Flavio Arriano como phrase omitted según el marco conceptual griego, por lo que nos encontraríamos ante personajes de naturaleza sagrada. Esta idea, unida a diversos hallazgos epigráficos que hacen alusión a individuos entre cuya titulatura aparece "resucitador del dios", induce a considerar que estos comisionados fueron en realidad los representantes del estado púnico en la famosa syépoiç tiria. Un análisis comparativo de las fuentes literarias y arqueológicas que poseemos en la actualidad pretende arrojar algo de luz sobre este fenómeno.
Los historiadores antiguos informan que entre los siglos VI y II a.C. diversas embajadas viajaron de Cartago a Tiro para llevar a cabo ofrendas al templo de Melqart. Los componentes de estas ...delegaciones son definidos por Flavio Arriano como θεωροὶ según el marco conceptual griego, por lo que nos encontraríamos ante personajes de naturaleza sagrada. Esta idea, unida a diversos hallazgos epigráficos que hacen alusión a individuos entre cuya titulatura aparece “resucitador del dios”, induce a considerar que estos comisionados fueron en realidad los representantes del estado púnico en la famosa ἐγέρσις tiria. Un análisis comparativo de las fuentes literarias y arqueológicas que poseemos en la actualidad pretende arrojar algo de luz sobre este fenómeno.
•Initial release of the MSTDB-TC for thermodynamic modeling of molten salt reactor coolant/fuel salt systems.•Available with no-cost license through Oak Ridge National Laboratory's code.ornl GitLab ...repository.•Additional systems and improvements continue to be added to future database versions.
The Molten Salt Thermal Properties Database − Thermochemical (MSTDB−TC) has been developed to support thermodynamic modeling of fluoride- and chloride-based systems for molten salt reactors (MSRs). Utilizing data from available literature and original work, the current MSTDB−TC Ver. 1.2 contains models for 96 pseudo-binary systems, 37 pseudo-ternary systems, 42 solid solutions, 229 stoichiometric compounds, and 130 gaseous species. This includes 67 reassessed systems and 13 original system models. The reassessment of the LiCl−RbCl pseudo-binary system and the original assessment of the UF3−UF4 pseudo-binary system are included as examples of those efforts and provide improved representations of those systems. The database continues to be expanded, adding systems of relevance to the wide variety of MSR concepts. To illustrate applications for MSTDB−TC, phase equilibria were computed to understand the effect of varying uranium content in the KCl−MgCl2−NaCl−UCl3 system. In an example of how such calculations can support corrosion modeling, the control of redox potential by the UF3:UF4 ratio in the LiF−BeF2−UF3−UF4 system is demonstrated and used to assess corrosion potential for typical alloy constituents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Addition of KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 lowers the liquidus of NaCl–UCl3–PuCl3 fuel systems.•The liquidus depression effect of each additive depends on fissionable content.•Evolution of cationic fission ...products generally causes depression of liquidus.•Fission products displace U3+; strengthen secondary bonds between constituent salts.•Formation of intermediate compounds and solid solutions raises the liquidus.
The overall performance of molten salt reactor (MSR) fuels is governed by their chemical composition: the actinide content regulates fuel criticality; the base salt determines the fuel melting temperature, and the solubility of chemical species that evolves during the reactor’s lifetime. In this study, Calculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) simulations were performed to investigate the effects of non-unary base salts on the performance of NaCl–UCl3–PuCl3 fuel systems. We specifically focused on the fuel liquidus temperature and the fuel response to compositional changes, such as the breeding of PuCl3 and the evolution of fission products. Our calculations indicate that non-unary base salt combinations can effectively decrease the liquidus temperatures of the proposed fuel systems up to the eutectic actinide composition of the KCl–UCl3–PuCl3 system. Moreover, we found that the response of the fuel liquidus to shifts in fuel chemistry depends largely on the interactions between the base salt and actinide content. Our results imply that an appropriate modification of the base salt chemistry in the fuel can bolster the safety, performance, and economics of molten salt reactors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Critical evaluations and thermodynamic optimizations of the tin-sulfur (Sn–S), silver-sulfur (Ag–S), and antimony-sulfur (Sb–S) binary systems were carried out over the whole composition range. The ...Modified Quasichemical Model (MQM) in the pair approximation was applied for the liquid phase to consider the short-range-ordering (SRO) in the phase. The binary compounds SnS, Sn2S3, SnS2, Ag2S, and Sb2S3 were treated as stoichiometric compounds. The allotropic transformations were taken into account in the formulation of the Gibbs energy equations. In the Ag–S system, the face-centered cubic (fcc) Ag solid solution was modeled by the Bragg-Williams (BW) model to improve the calculations for the solubility of S as a function of temperature. In the present study, particular focus was placed on the accurate prediction of the measured activities and enthalpies of the liquid phase. Using the MQM, these thermodynamic quantities could be calculated with high accuracy. Published measurements of the phase diagrams, invariant temperatures, and compounds could be reproduced within typical experimental errors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Au cours de la dernière décennie, les langages contrôlés (LC) ont toujours été l’objet d’une attention accrue en traduction automatique (TA). La majorité des études ont porté sur l’impact des LC sur ...la qualité du produit final de la TA, mais très peu d’entre elles se sont intéressées à l’impact de la TA sur l’accessibilité des textes cibles pour les personnes à besoins particuliers. Cet article vise à combler cette lacune. Il cherche à déterminer, par le biais d’une étude linguistique comparative, si les systèmes de TA génériques constituent une option viable pour produire, à partir de textes simplifiés sources, des textes cibles faciles à lire et à comprendre (FALC). Nous avons testé trois outils génériques de TA (DeepL, Google Translate et Yandex) avec des textes FALC de trois domaines différents, dans quatre paires de langues. Les résultats montrent que DeepL est l’outil le plus performant et que l’espagnol et les textes administratifs restent ceux qui occasionnent le plus de problèmes pour la TA. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation de l’accessibilité linguistique, les problèmes aux niveaux lexical et stylistique sont les plus nombreux. Même si la TA ne produit pas encore des textes FALC acceptables, notre étude en souligne le potentiel et met l’accent sur la difficulté de créer du contenu multilingue accessible pour tous.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are genetic regions that influence phenotypic variation of a complex trait, often through genetic interactions with each other and the environment. These are commonly ...identified through a statistical genetic analysis known as QTL mapping. Here, I present a step-by-step, practical approach to QTL mapping along with a sample data file. I focus on methods commonly used and discoveries that have been made in fishes, and utilize a multiple QTL mapping (MQM) approach in the free software package R/qtl.
This paper presents a quantitative fine-grained manual evaluation approach to comparing the performance of different machine translation (MT) systems. We build upon the well-established ...multidimensional quality metrics (MQM) error taxonomy and implement a novel method that assesses whether the differences in performance for MQM error types between different MT systems are statistically significant. We conduct a case study for English-to-Croatian, a language direction that involves translating into a morphologically rich language, for which we compare three MT systems belonging to different paradigms: pure phrase-based, factored phrase-based and neural. First, we design an MQM-compliant error taxonomy tailored to the relevant linguistic phenomena of Slavic languages, which made the annotation process feasible and accurate. Errors in MT outputs were then annotated by two annotators following this taxonomy. Subsequently, we carried out a statistical analysis which showed that the best-performing system (neural) reduces the errors produced by the worst system (pure phrase-based) by more than half (54%). Moreover, we conducted an additional analysis of agreement errors in which we distinguished between short (phrase-level) and long distance (sentence-level) errors. We discovered that phrase-based MT approaches are of limited use for long distance agreement phenomena, for which neural MT was found to be especially effective.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NMLJ, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We focus on examining the impact of machine translation (MT) error rate on adequacy and fluency in machine-translated journalistic texts. German is the source language, with significant polysynthetic ...features in the formation of composites, and the target language is Slovak, with predominantly inflected features. We analyse twelve error categories, which are incorporated into the categorical framework for the analysis of MT errors and correspond to the four-member core MQM-DQF error typology. The results show that the most significant errors are in the categories of lexical semantics, syntactic-semantic correlativeness and grammar.
In this study, a human evaluation is carried out on how hyperparameter settings impact the quality of Transformer-based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) for the low-resourced English–Irish pair. ...SentencePiece models using both Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and unigram approaches were appraised. Variations in model architectures included modifying the number of layers, evaluating the optimal number of heads for attention and testing various regularisation techniques. The greatest performance improvement was recorded for a Transformer-optimized model with a 16k BPE subword model. Compared with a baseline Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model, a Transformer-optimized model demonstrated a BLEU score improvement of 7.8 points. When benchmarked against Google Translate, our translation engines demonstrated significant improvements. Furthermore, a quantitative fine-grained manual evaluation was conducted which compared the performance of machine translation systems. Using the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) error taxonomy, a human evaluation of the error types generated by an RNN-based system and a Transformer-based system was explored. Our findings show the best-performing Transformer system significantly reduces both accuracy and fluency errors when compared with an RNN-based model.
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