En el presente artículo se estudian los spillovers (derrames) entre el S&P500 y el Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano para verificar si el inicio de la epidemia por COVID-19 y el entorno de ese ...momento cambiaron la dinámica de su nivel de conectividad. Usando la metodología propuesta por Diebold y Yilmaz se estimaron y analizaron índices de spillovers, desde y hacia, los mercados de Estados Unidos y del Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano. Los resultados confirman la existencia de spillovers provenientes del S&P500, sin que hayan sido mayores que los que se presentaron durante los años previos a 2020, con excepción del mercado mexicano, que recibió una mayor influencia. Los resultados pueden ser útiles para orientar decisiones de financiamiento e inversión en los mercados bursátiles de la región en el Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano.
La vulnérabilité du site de la ville de Mila aux mouvements de masse est une contrainte majeure devant son développement urbain. Son héritage morphologique explique largement sa dynamique actuelle. ...Les grandes coulées quaternaires, issues du démantèlement du flanc nord de Marechau, ont dévié l’oued Mila vers l’ouest pour s’enfoncer sous forme d’arc de cercle et dégager la colline d’El Kherba. La massivité de cette dernière a permis l’installation d’une série de ravins (paléo-vallons) parallèles, inégalement creusés. Faute de soutirage efficace, ces derniers ont été comblés. La surface de contact entre la roche en place et le matériau de comblement est restée une semelle de glissement potentielle. Aussi, la fréquence et l’intensité des séismes (probablement en partie induits) sont loin d’être négligeables. En effet, après l’envahissement du site par une urbanisation rapide et massive, les effets induits des derniers séismes ont été probablement amplifiés d’où les dégâts observés.
The vulnerability of the site of the city of Mila to mass movements is a major constraint to its urban development. Its morphological heritage largely explains its current dynamics. The large Quaternary flows, resulting from the dismantling of the northern flank of Marechau, have deviated the wadi Mila westwards to sink in the form of an arc and clear the hill of El Kherba. The massiveness of the latter allowed the development of a series of parallel gullies (paleo valleys), unevenly dug. Due to the lack of effective extraction, these gullies were filled in by erosion waste material. The contact surface between the bedrock and the fill material remained a potential failure surface. The frequency and intensity of the (probably partly induced) earthquakes are far from negligible. Indeed, after the invasion of the site by a rapid and massive urbanization, the induced effects of the last earthquakes were probably amplified, hence the damage observed.
The MilA ELISA has been identified as a highly effective diagnostic tool for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis specific antibodies and has been validated for serological use in previous studies. This ...study aimed to estimate the optimal cut-off and corresponding estimates of diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) of the MilA ELISA for testing bovine serum. Serum samples from 298 feedlot cattle from 14 feedlots across four Australian states were tested on entry into the feedlot and approximately 42 days later. The paired serum samples were tested with the MilA ELISA, BIO K302 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Belgium) and BIO K260 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Belgium). A cut-off of 135 AU was estimated to be optimal using Bayesian latent class analysis with three tests in multiple populations, accounting for conditional dependence between tests. At this cut-off, the DSe and DSp of the MilA ELISA were estimated to be 92.1 % (95 % highest probability density HPD interval: 87.4, 95.8) and 95.5 % (95 % HPD: 92.4, 97.8), respectively. The DSes of the BIO K260 and BIO K302 ELISAs were estimated to be 60.5 % (95 % HPD: 54.0, 66.9) and 44.6 % (95 % HPD: 38.7, 50.7), respectively. DSps were 95.6 % (95 % HPD: 92.9, 97.7) and 97.8 % (95 % HPD: 95.9, 99.0), respectively. Mycoplasma bovis seroprevalence was remarkably high at follow-up after 42 days on the feedlots. Overall, this study estimated a cut-off, DSe and DSp for the MilA ELISA with less dependence on prior information than previous analyses and demonstrated that the MilA ELISA has higher DSe than the BIO K260 and BIO K302 assays.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
En la actualidad, la integración apunta a reducir la atomización del mercado al concentrar la liquidez y profundidad de cada uno de los actores que integran el Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano ...(MILA) en un solo lugar. Facilita la incorporación al mercado de capitales internacional, permitiendo el acceso a mayores fuentes de financiación diferentes a las tradicionales que ofrece la banca. Por esta razón se considera importante estudiar la relación entre la creación de valor y la volatilidad de las firmas que hacen parte del MILA durante el periodo comprendido entre 2007 y 2017. Para contrastar esta relación se utilizan diferentes modelos econométricos que permiten evidenciar una relación negativa y estadísticamente significativa entre la creación de valor para el accionista y la volatilidad. Esto implica que las compañías que generan más incertidumbre reflejada en una mayor volatilidad, medida en términos de los retornos diarios, presentan menor creación de valor para el accionista.
•Climate change impacts on leaf rust of wheat are forecasted with a dynamic model.•Sub-models of microclimate and epidemic surfaces manage host-pathogen interaction.•Disease dynamics is simulated on ...3 French sites under 2.6, 4.5, 8.5 RCP scenarios.•Simulated crop-pathogen synchronism promotes disease at the end of the century.•Simulated microclimate at early wheat stages favors future disease development.
Leaf rust is responsible for significant wheat yield losses. Its occurrence and severity have increased in recent years, partly because of warmer climate. It is therefore critical to understand and anticipate the effects of climate change on leaf rust. Direct climate effects and indirect effects via host plants that provide a biophysical environment for disease development were both considered. The coupled STICS-MILA model simulates both crop and pathogen dynamics in a mechanistic way and their interaction is managed by two sub-models: one calculating the microclimate within the canopy and the other converting numbers of spores and lesions to affected surfaces. In this study, STICS-MILA was first calibrated and evaluated using leaf rust severity observed at various sites in France for multiple years. STICS-MILA was then run on three contrasting French sites under 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 RCP future climate scenarios. Results focused firstly on changes in disease earliness and intensity, secondly on disease dynamics, particularly the synchronism between plant and disease developments, and finally on elementary epidemic processes.
The calibration and evaluation of STICS-MILA revealed a high sensitivity to the initial amount of primary inoculum (a forcing variable in STICS-MILA) and thus the need to properly simulate the summering and overwintering pathogen survival. The simulations in the context of future climate showed a significant change in host-pathogen synchronism: in the far future, according to RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, disease onset is expected to occur not only with an advance of around one month but also at an earlier developmental stage of wheat crops. This positive effect results from rising temperatures, nevertheless partly counter-balanced during spring by lower wetness frequency. The crop growth accelerates during juvenile stages, providing a greater support for disease development. The resulting microclimate shortens latency periods and increases infection and sporulation efficiencies, thus causing more infectious cycles. An increase of final disease severity is thus forecasted with climate change.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Abstract Well preserved and diverse organic-walled marine microphytoplankton cysts (acritarchs sensu lato) occur in Member 4 (comprising mostly of fine-grained clastics with thin carbonate ...intercalations) of the Mila Formation at the type section, southwestern Damghan. Based on the association of such index acritarch taxa as Timofeevia phosphoritica, Cristallinium cambriense, Ninadiacrodium dumontii, Vulcanisphaera africana, Ooidium rossicum, Cymatiogalea cuvillieri, Caldariola glabra, and Dasydiacrodium sp. in the material studied, an local biozone, namely Ooidium rossicum-Vulcanisphaera africana assemblage biozone dated as Late Cambrian (Furongian), and a barren interval are introduced in the upper and lower parts, respectively, of the rock unit investigated. Occurrence in the examined assemblages of such middle latitude acritarchs as Ninadiacrodium indicates that the Alborz Ranges was located in southern mid-latitudes (30º–60º) during the Late Cambrian. Retrieved marine microphytoplankton cysts from Member 4 of the Mila Formation is comparable with the Late Cambrian assemblages recorded from elsewhere, this allows for the pertinent assemblages to be associated with peri-Gondwanan palynofloras. Keywords: Biostratigraphy, Palaeoecology, Acritarchs, Late Cambrian, Mila Formation.
Introduction Biostratigraphic zonation of the Middle and Upper Cambrian strata is based mainly on trilobites, particularly planktonic agnostids and olenids. For example, in South China base of the Furongian Series is defined by Glyptagnostus reticulatus Zone (Peng et al. 2004). In the last decades, organic-walled microfossils (acritarchs) have been widely used for Palaeozoic stratigraphic subdivisions (Molyneux et al. 1996). The Acritarch group is defined as organic-walled microfossils of unknown biological affinities by Evitt (1963). They are a heterogeneous group of various microfossils and may include the remains of a wide range of different kinds of organisms, such as egg of small metazoans, spores of different algal classes, and resting cysts (Servais 1996). Recently, some of the acritarchs have been attributed to different groups of algae e.g. Prasinophytes or Chlorophytes (Colbath and Grenfell 1995). In the last decades, organic-walled microphytoplankton have been widely used for stratigraphic correlation both regionally and globally and their utility in dating Proterozoic and Palaeozoic marine sedimentary rocks is widely recognized (Playford 2003). Acritarchs feature a relatively rapid development of morphological innovations and a large number of new morphotypes appeared. Several palynological investigations have been undertaken on the Upper Cambrian strata across the world; e.g., Canada (Martin and Dean 1988; Palacios 2012), Russia (Raevskaya and Golubkova 2006), Germany (Montenari and Servais 2000), Iran (Ghavidel-Syooki 2006; Ghavidel-Syooki and Vecoli, 2008), North Africa (Vecoli 1999), England (Potter et al. 2012) and Spain (Albani et al. 2006). The Mila Formation is the first lithostratigraphic unit representing the Middle–Upper Cambrian strata in the Alborz Ranges and the other parts of Iran (Aghanabati 2004). Palaeontological and structural geological studies in the Alborz indicate that northern Iran, along with central Iran and Zagros located on the divergent margin of protopaleotethys and north of the Gondwana palaeocontinents. The Mila Formation at its type section measured 585 m (Stöcklin et al. 1964) and subdivided into five members: Member 1, dolostone–marl; Member 2, terrigenous – carbonate; Member 3 fossiliferous limestone; and mainly terrigenous members 4 and 5. According to palaeontological and stratigraphical studies the first 2 units attributed to the Middle Cambrian and members 3 and 4 to the Late Cambrian. The former Member 5 of this unit was later considered to be equivalent of the Lashkarak Formation (Early Ordovician). The Mila Formation at the its type section is underlain and overlain by the Lalun and Jeirud formations, respectively. The Mila Formation generally consists of dolostone, thin-bedded, crystalline, glauconitic limestone, marl, coloured shales and sandstones. Several palaeontological investigations have been conducted such as on trilobites (Kushan 1973; Peng et al. 1999), brachiopods (Popov et al. 2009, 2013), conodonts (Müller 1973; Fazli and Hamdi 2008; Jahangir et al. 2016) and palynomorphs (Ghavidel-Syooki 2006). Considering the stratigraphic significance of organic-walled marine microphytoplankton in the Lower Palaeozoic biostratigraphy, the aim of this study is to determine relative age and to derive palaeogeographic implications for the Member 4 at its type section. Material & Methods: To retrieve palynological content of the Member 4 of Mila Formation at the type section, 21 surface samples collected from this rock unit. All samples prepared in palynological laboratories at Kharazmi University, Tehran and University of Lille, France using standard palynological processing procedures, encompassing initial treatment with HCl 10-50% and HF 40% for dissolution of carbonates and silicates, respectively. Then the residues saturated with ZnCl2 solution (2.0 gr/cm3) for mineral separation. All residues are sieved with 15 and 20 µm mesh and three slides of each sample are made. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Well-preserved and diverse palynomorphs occur in Member 4 of the Mila Formation at the Mila Kuh section. The assemblage contains 14 species assigned to 13 genera of acritarchs and one species of prasinophytes. Based on the occurrence and stratigraphic distribution of index acritarch taxa such as Timofeevia phosphoritica, Cristallinium cambriense, Ninadiacrodium dumontii, Vulcanisphaera africana, Ooidium rossicum, Cymatiogalea cuvillieri, Caldariola glabra, and Dasydiacrodium sp. one local assemblage biozone namely Ooidium rossicum-Vulcanisphaera africana assemblage biozone is introduced in 41 m of the Member 4 and assigned to the Late Cambrian (Furongian). Additionally, one barren interval zone at the base (45 m) of the rock unit is also identifiable. The biozone (Ooidium rossicum-Vulcanisphaera africana) introduced herein is comparable to microflora A2 (partial) – A6 of Martin and Dean (1981, 1988) and RA3–RA10 microflora of Parsons and Anderson (2000) as well as the upper part of VK2 to VK5 of Volkova (1990) at the East European Platform. Furthermore, it is equivalent with the Zone II to IV of Ghavidel-Syooki and Vecoli (2008) in the High Zagros Mountains, southern Iran. Occurrence of such mid-latitude taxa as Ninadiacrodium and comparison of the acritarch assemblages with those from elsewhere in the world indicates the peri-Gondawanan affinity; thus supporting a 30°-60°S palaeolatitude for the eastern Alborz in the Late Cambrian
Constantine and Mila regions have been investigated in an ethnobotanical study for the first time. A total of 102 medicinal plants have been cited to treat human ailments. Twenty-eight new species of ...31 common plants with 151 new therapeutic applications and 12 new cited species including one endemic specie Zygophyllum cornutum Coss were found as compared to other Algerian regions. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, 369 new medicinal uses of 75 known plants, were reported for the first time in the Mediterranean basin.
This study is aimed at contributing to safeguard world cultural heritage and document ethnomedicinal uses of plants in Algeria and the Mediterranean basin; data on the national and global uses in the world were obtained to extract new potential species for further phytochemical and clinical investigations.
The survey was carried out in two cities in the northeast of Algeria: Constantine and Mila. It was based on semi-structured interviews of 79 local informants. Data were analyzed using quantitative indices, namely, informant consensus factor, fidelity level (FL), use value (UV), and relative frequency citation (RFC), to evaluate the reliability and richness of herbal knowledge in the region.
The interviewed persons used 102 plant species belonging to 90 genera and distributed among 53 families, represented mainly by Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae (30%, 13%, and 10%, respectively), which were used to treat 14 ailment categories. The category of most frequent ailments (16%) was digestive disorders (diarrhea, constipation, and stomach bloating). The highest RFC was found for Origanum glandulosum Desf. With regard to the fidelity level, a higher FL was found for Tilia cordata Mill. (100%), followed by Artemisia herba alba Asso. with an FL of 95.74% and Punica granatum L. with an FL of 93.09%) to treat gastrointestinal system diseases, and Aloe sp. L. with an FL of 96.67% for skin diseases. The highest UV was found for Origanum glandulosum Desf. (2.280). Moreover, new medicinal uses were recorded for the first time in Algeria and Mediterranean regions.
The present study has highlighted the rich herbal knowledge about newfound medicinal plants and their new uses in the Mediterranean region, which could be useful not only in facilitating other studies such as phytochemical and pharmacological investigations and upgrading the sources of biomolecules beneficial to people but also in reopening discussion on pharmacovigilance in herbal medicine as an imperative requirement for local authorities.
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S.D: System diseases
R.S: Reproductive diseases
D: Diseases
S: System
A.S: Articulary system diseases and traumatic muscular
T.M: Traumatic muscular
O.S: Oral sphere
The main treated categories of human diseases with the most cited medicinal plants in the regions of Constantine and Mila (Northeast Algeria).
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•Antibodies were detectable by an in-house ELISA for at least 1.5 years in some infected cattle.•Six out of 19 farms became low risk as the infection was resolved on them.•Several diagnostic tools ...are required to assess biosecurity status of a herd.
Mycoplasma bovis causes bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, arthritis and otitis. The importance of M. bovis has escalated because of recent outbreaks and introductions into countries previously free of M. bovis. We characterized the course of M. bovis infection on 19 recently infected dairy farms over 24 months. Our objective was to identify diagnostic tools to assess the efficacy of control measures to assess low risk infection status on M. bovis infected farms. PCR assays and culture were used to detect M. bovis, and in-house and BioX ELISAs were used to follow antibody responses. Cows and young stock were sampled on four separate occasions, and clinical cases were sampled when they arose. On 17 farms, a few cases of clinical mastitis were detected, mostly within the first eight weeks after the index case. Antibodies detected by in-house ELISA persisted in the serum of cows at least for 1.5 years on all farms, regardless of the M. bovis infection status or signs of clinical disease or subclinical mastitis on the farm. Six out of 19 farms became low risk as the infection was resolved. Our results suggest that, for biosecurity purposes, regular monitoring should be conducted on herds by screening for M. bovis in samples from cows with clinical mastitis and calves with pneumonia, in conjunction with testing young stock by screening longitudinally collected nasal swabs for M. bovis and sequential serum samples for antibody against recombinant antigen.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Abstract Springs are natural outflows of groundwater to the surface, enabling to understand the processes of their mineralization; contact with rocks modifies their chemical composition, a ...combination that is expressed in hydrochemical facies, which are classified into several types. Knowledge of the spatial distribution and chemical composition of spring waters is essential for a good understanding of the hydrodynamisms and hydrogeology of a given region. The mountains bordering the town of Mila are home to a number of groundwater springs, 25 of which are the subject of this study. They were sampled, then analysed at the ADE Mila (Algerian Water Company) laboratory in 2021, and their hydrochemical properties were determined. Geologically, the area hosting these springs belongs to the Tellian domain, the eastern segment of the Maghreb chain, which represents the alpine range of North Africa. Comparison of the water quality of these springs with Algerian and WHO (World Health Organization) drinkable standards has enabled most samples to be classified as soft or moderately hard water, with the dominant facies HCO3-–Ca2+–Mg2+ and Cl−–SO42-–Ca2+–Mg2+. In these waters, the main factors controlling hydrochemical composition are water–rock interactions, and rainwater contribution.
The triumph of the liberal revolutions in Europe and Ame-rica led to the collapse of the prevailing political, social, and religious order. The fall of the Ancien Régime forced the Catholic Church to ...consider a Religious Reform that would put into action a plan to rescue its lost temporal and spiritual power. The rescue of the Mariofanies will become a very important element in this strategy of devotional political rearmament. In this article we will analyse the first period of this «Marian mobilisation» which brought about the «appearance», especially in France, of the most important and influential Immaculate Virgins.
El triunfo de las revoluciones liberales en Europa y América propició el desmoronamiento del orden político, social y religioso imperante. La caída del Antiguo Régimen obligó a la Iglesia católica a plantear una reforma religiosa que pusiera en acción un plan de rescate de su perdido poder temporal y espiritual. El rescate de las mariofanías se convertirá en un elemento importantísimo dentro de esta estrategia de rearme político devocional. En el presente artículo analizaremos el primer periodo de esta «movilización mariana» que trajo consigo la «aparición», sobre todo en Francia, de las más importantes e influyen-tes Vírgenes inmaculadas.
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