Il lavoro problematizza la questione della sopravvivenza della comunità croato-molisana nel Sud Italia. Dagli anni Sessanta del ventesimo secolo la popolazione è emigrata dai piccoli centri a causa ...dell’accelerato processo di industrializzazione. La grande emigrazione è iniziata negli anni Cinquanta in Australia, nel Nord e nel Sud America. Durante gli anni Sessanta e Settanta è continuata l’emigrazione interna come quella verso i Paesi europei. I giovani si sono spostati per l’istruzione e gli adulti in cerca di lavoro, mentre nelle zone rurali lo stile di vita tradizionale veniva abbandonato. Nei processi di spostamento e depopolazione è stato minacciato il dialetto che, come tratto distintivo elementare, nella comunità era portatore dei valori culturali e tradizionali. Oggi, nelle condizioni di vita attuali, quando culture e lingue minoritarie assumono un ruolo significativo nei processi di integrazione europei, si impone la questione dello sviluppo di un modello universale per la salvaguardia delle stesse culture e lingue. Sull’esempio dei croati molisani nel lavoro vengono presentate delle buone pratiche di sostenibilità di lingua, cultura e tradizione in una comunità di espatriati. Si tratta di una proposta adattabile anche ad altre comunità con lo scopo di preservarne l’identità.
Moliški Hrvati na jugu Italije prisutni su više od pet stoljeća. Prošli su dug povijesni put od potpune anonimnosti i izoliranosti do otkrivanja u površnom i pogrešnom imenu Slavi, kojim su ih kroz ...povijest nazivali Talijani. Upravo zbog toga, mnogi putopisci i znanstvenici s početka 20. stoljeća pogrešno su ih definirali kao Bugare, Srbe ili Crnogorce. Sredinom 20. stoljeća vraćeni su nazivom tamo kamo po svojem podrijetlu i pripadaju, da su Hrvati, katolici, iseljeni uslijed ekspanzije Turaka u 15. i 16. stoljeću iz podbiokovlja i makarskoga primorja između rijeka Cetine i Neretve. Do danas su sačuvali svoj govor, štokavsku ikavicu s elementima čakavštine.
Cilj je ovoga rada predstaviti jezik i kulturu moliškohrvatske zajednice u kontinuitetu kršćanske tradicije koju oni žive kroz svoje vjerske običaje. Kršćanska tradicija dio je njihove vjerničke svijesti i bitno je utjecala na oblikovanje kulture po kojoj su i danas prepoznatljivi u lokalnom, ali i širem europskom okruženju.
The Molise Croats have been present in a region of southern Italy for more than five centuries, where they, despite natural assimilation processes, still live their linguistic and cultural identity in three Croatian villages in the Molise region. Since their arrival in Italy, they have undergone a difficult process beginning with complete anonymity and isolation leading up to false and ignorant or malevolent usurpation by travel writers or scientists, who often misinformed others about their identity, while themselves being wrongly informed about the term Slavi, as used by the Italians.
Finally, in the middle of the 20th century, they were recognised for what they are, in fact, according to their origin, namely, Croatian Catholics who fled to Italy from the Ottoman invasions in the 15th and 16th centuries, leaving the area surrounding the Cetina and Neretva Rivers, the Podbiokovlje area and the Makarska Riviera which they inhabited.
During this time–span they have succeeded in preserving their vernacular — the Štokavian–Ikavian dialect with elements of the Čakavian. This is a well–known fact about the Molise Croats, however, that which has always strongly characterised their community (but has seldom been mentioned) is their Christian tradition which has been an important factor in defining their identity.
Religious traditions and the consistency of the people in living them are the result of their religious awareness which has significantly shaped their culture and which still renders them distinguishable in their local community.
They are recognised as being different and linguistically isolated, but persistent in preserving and passing on true values which have been interwoven into their everyday lives and which have survived through the centuries in their poetry, customs, prayers as well in their weaving tradition, their cuisine and agriculture which together are representative of their rich cultural heritage.
The Molise Croats, the smallest and oldest Croatian Diaspora in Europe, have maintained their identity over five centuries, primarily thanks to their language, which is the fundamental feature of ...their diversity from the neighboring Italian and immigrant communities in Italy's south. If one applies to the Molise Croatian community the 6 major characteristics of ethnicity proposed by the British sociologist, A.D. Smith, it becomes evident just how complex and dynamic the ethnic formation really is. Their ethnonym has been constructed scientifically, linguistically and historically, and was created only at the mid-19th century with the discovery of the Slavic enclave in southern Italy, whose members spoke in a Southern Slavic language. They refer to their original homeland with the undefined, semi-mythic syntagm from the other side of the sea, and say they speak simply in our language. Common history in the case of the Molise Croats can be monitored in their original homeland, during migration and re-settlement, in their new homeland and, finally, subsequent to the discovery of the community in relation to its actual and potential forebears and original homeland. Language is the most significant diversity marker and the most powerful identificational feature of this community. It was precisely through the language used that the community attracted attention in the 19th century. The theory that the Molise Croats had come originally from the Biokovo Mountain foothills/Neretva River region south of Cetine, where the Štokavian-Čakavian dialect was spoken, was scientifically confirmed. The significance of religion can be seen in written evidence on the settlement of Slavic refugees and runaways that has been found in sacred buildings in the Italian south, and in the importance of the Church's role as a place where they could speak in their own language – na našo – with the priests. Certain customs they brought with them have also been preserved, along with elements of material culture and oral poetry. In this respect, the appearance of the personage of Ivo Karlović in oral poems prompted the interpretation (the possibility of establishing dates, collective memory of the Ottoman threat), which are not customary in oral literary analyses. The territory upon which the Molise Croats live is marked by geographical and transportation isolation, additionally favorable for the creation of one more non-Italian community island that was preserved thanks to poor integration, localism and the insularity of sorts found in the Italian south in relation to its north. The renewed interest in and care for the Molise Croatian community on the part of the original homeland has been accompanied by an awakening and strengthening of forgotten and lost ethnic identity, while the imaginary and symbolic of Croatia have been mobilized with the aim of emphasizing and raising awareness of the links with Croats in the homeland. In conclusion, it can be stated that Molise Croatian identity has not been built up through the community's series of objective similarities and diversities, but rests rather upon the active bilingualism that is its most distinctive characteristic.
Dajući pregled povijesti moliških Hrvata, njihova osobitog jezika, talijanskih zakona koji štite njihova jezična prava i najnovijih publikacija posvećenih pomoći u očuvanju njihova ugroženoga govora, ...autor najprije iznosi kratku biografiju Božidara Vidova (1913.–2000.) i zatim propituje njegove izdavačke napore koji se odnose na tu zajednicu. Vidov, koji je prvi put posjetio taj kraj u četrdesetim godinama i ponovno u šezdesetima, pridružio se članovima zajednice moliških Hrvata 1967. kako bi pokrenuo časopis Naš jezik / La nostra lingua. Bio je član uređivačkog odbora tog časopisa, a od 1968. do 1981. objavio je jedanaest knjiga i knjižica, u prvom redu za zajednicu ili o njoj. Te su publikacije obuhvaćale jezične priručnike, zbirke poezije, almanahe, kratku povijest i glazbene zbirke. Građu za njih Vidov je crpio sa stranica Našeg jezika, iz svojih istraživačkih nalaza tijekom posjeta zajednici te materijala koji su prikupili i nabavili članovi zajednice moliških Hrvata i ostali. Samofinancirajući svoje izdavačke pothvate, Vidov je u članove zajednice nastojao usaditi osjećaj ponosa na vlastiti jezik i kulturno naslijeđe te pokušao ispuniti prazninu nakon prestanka izlaženja Našeg jezika. Tih jedanaest publikacija nagovijestilo je vrednije i uspješnije napore u devedesetim godinama, a posebice u novom tisućljeću, u izdavanju značajnih jezičnih priručnika, raznih literarnih zbirki i drugih publikacija posvećenih zajednici moliških Hrvata i očuvanju njihova ugroženog jezika.
Autorica u prilogu donosi podatke o brojčanom kretanju stanovnika u moliškohrvatskim naseljima i razmatra pitanje broja stanovnika koji govore moliškohrvatskim jezikom.
•In linguistic diasporas language is determinant factor in diasporization.•Language ideologies are crucial in understanding diasporization.•Molise Croatian represents case of a historical minority ...(re)constructed as diaspora.•Language is a key marker of na-našo identity, its status a point of contestation.•Molise Croatian is defined by hybridity in structure and language use.
Considered to be the oldest Croatian diaspora, Molise Croatian speakers settled in the Italian region of Molise in the early 16th century. Only much later and on the basis of primarily linguistic analysis was it concluded that Croatia was their original homeland. This paved the way for the (re)construction of their new ethnolinguistic identity, which has been intensified in recent decades. The aim of this paper is (a) to provide insight into the discursive construction of ‘diaspora’ in the context of the Molise Croatian community, and (b) to analyze the ways and resources the speakers of Molise Croatian use to construe their linguistic self and what they consider their ‘true’ homeland. The analysis is based on an ethnographic study that comprised (participant) observation and thirty individual and focus-group interviews. The forging of ‘diaspora identity’ is reflected and/or created in linguistic practices of some of its members, but the community is marked by heterogeneity in terms of ideological positioning towards viewing Croatia as an ascribed ‘true’ homeland. The reliance on the language as a key marker of Molise Croatian identity, but also a point of contestation in the process of diasporization, thus renders this speech community an emblematic example of a ‘linguistic diaspora’.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Following an overview of the history of the Molise Croats, their distinctive language, Italian laws protecting their linguistic rights, and recent publications dedicated to helping to preserve their ...endangered idiom, the author provides a brief biography of Božidar Vidov (1913–2000) before exploring Vidov’s publication efforts related to this community. Vidov, who first visited the region in the 1940s and then later in the 1960s, joined members of the Molise Croatian community in 1967 to launch the periodical Naš jezik / La nostra lingua. He served on the editorial board of this periodical and from 1968 to 1981 he published eleven books and booklets specifically for, or about, the community. These publications included language manuals, poetry collections, almanacs, a brief history and music collections. Vidov drew material for his publications from the pages of Naš jezik, his own research findings while visiting the community, and from sources collected and documented by members of the Molise Croatian community and others. Through his self-financed publishing initiatives, Vidov sought to imbue members of the community with a sense of pride in their language
and cultural heritage, and attempted to fill the void after Naš jezik ceased publication. These
eleven publications foreshadowed later more substantial and successful efforts in the 1990s,
and especially in the new millennium, to produce important linguistic manuals, various literary
collections, and other publications dedicated to the Molise Croatian community and the reservation of their endangered language.
U radu se donosi opis sustava kosih padeža u moliškohrvatskom dijalektu, kao i pregled morfosintaktičkih i semantičkih promjena kroz koje su kosi padeži prošli pod utjecajem unutarnjih promjena te ...talijanskoga jezika kao superstrata. Unatoč naporima koji se ulažu u njegovo očuvanje, moliškohrvatski dijalekt danas je pred izumiranjem. Utjecaj talijanskoga jezika daleko je najizraženiji faktor koji utječe na promjene na svim razinama; ponajprije na leksičkoj, ali i na sintaktičkoj, morfološkoj i fonološkoj. Kako bi se što bolje opisale promjene morfosintaktičkih i semantičkih osobina kosih padeža, za potrebe ovoga rada analiziran je korpus moliškohrvatskih tekstova dobiven ekstrahiranjem iz novina, knjiga poezije, antologija i stručne literature te ispitivanjem izvornih govornika. Obuhvaćena su sva tri varijeteta suvremenog moliškohrvatskog, a analiza je
uključivala i usporedbu sa standardnim varijetetima talijanskoga i hrvatskoga jezika, kao i štokavsko-ikavskoga dijalekta kojega je moliškohrvatski kontinuum. Teorijski okvir radu daje generativna gramatika, točnije Teorija padeža prema kojoj se svakoj tematskoj ulozi pridružuje apstraktni padež. Kao kriteriji za analizu korpusa odabrani su morfološka obilježenost ili neobilježenost, upotreba prijedloga, semantika i glagolska rekcija padeža. Na temelju analize korpusa zaključuje se da je padežni sustav moliškohrvatskog pod
velikim utjecajem talijanskoga znatno pojednostavljen u svim svojiom vidovima. Ipak, ni jedan od tri moliška govora nije izgubio svoje fleksijske nastavke koji izriču neke važne morfosintaktičke i semantičke odnose unutar rečenice. Može se zaključiti da padežni
sustav uspješnije odolijeva utjecaju talijanskoga jezika od drugih dijelova gramatike moliškohrvatskoga dijalekta.
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