Present study describes the responses of short rotation coppice (SRC) mulberry, a potential bio-energy tree, grown under interactive environment of elevated CO sub(2) (E) and water stress (WS). ...Growth in E stimulated photosynthetic performance in well-watered (WW) as well as during WS with significant increases in light-saturated photosynthetic rates (A sub(Sat)), water use efficiency (WUE sub(i)), intercellular CO sub(2), and photosystem-II efficiency (F sub(V)/F sub(M) and Delta F/F sub(M)') with concomitant reduction in stomatal conductance (g sub(s)) and transpiration (E) compared to ambient CO sub(2) (A) grown plants. Reduced levels of proline, H sub(2)O sub(2,) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and higher contents of antioxidants including ascorbic acid and total phenolics in WW and WS in E plants clearly demonstrated lesser oxidative damage. Further, A plants showed higher transcript abundance and antioxidant enzyme activities under WW as well as during initial stages of WS (15 days). However, with increasing drought imposition (30 days), A plants showed down regulation of antioxidant systems compared to their respective E plants. These results clearly demonstrated that future increased atmospheric CO sub(2) enhances the photosynthetic potential and also mitigate the drought-induced oxidative stress in SRC mulberry. In conclusion, mulberry is a potential bio-energy tree crop which is best suitable for short rotation coppice forestry-based mitigation of increased CO sub(2) levels even under intermittent drought conditions, projected to prevail in the fast-changing global climate.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this study, we used branches Ramulus mori from cultivated mulberry Husang-32 (Morus multicaulis Perry) as the experimental material and anhydrous ethanol as the extraction solution to obtain the ...crude extract from the branch bark. The ethanolic extract was successively purified through a macroporous resin, Sephadex LH-20, and semipreparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The high-purity monomer was identified as morusin by HPLC with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and its UV spectrum. The contents of morusin exhibited almost no difference between the root and branch bark in Husang-32, and morusin was not detected in the leaves. Morusin is able to inhibit the tumor growth of transplanted H sub(22) hepatocarcinoma in mice and has no side effects. The fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicate that morusin has a marked inhibitory effect on liver cancer cells through a mechanism that may be related increases in the expression of p53, Survivin, CyclinB1, and Caspase-3 and a decrease in NF- Kappa B gene expression. The influence of this compound is more apparent in the Caspase-3 and the NF- Kappa B genes. copyright 2014 BioFactors, 40(6):636-645, 2014
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and alterations in the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. DM is associated with increased oxidative ...stress and pancreatic beta cell damage, which impair the production of insulin and the maintenance of normoglycemia. Inhibiting oxidative damage and controlling hyperglycemia are two important strategies for the prevention of diabetes. The pulp and leaf extracts of mulberry (Morus nigraL.) have abundant total phenolics and flavonoids, and its antioxidant potential may be an important factor for modulating oxidative stress induced by diabetes. In this study, DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (135 mg kg super(-1)). Female Fischer rats were divided into four groups: control, diabetic, diabetic pulp, and diabetic leaf extract. Animals in the diabetic pulp and diabetic leaf extract groups were treated for 30 days with M. nigraL. pulp or leaf extracts, respectively. At the end of treatment, animals were euthanized and, liver and blood samples were collected for analysis of biochemical and metabolic parameters. Our study demonstrated that treatment of diabetic rats with leaf extracts decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (CAT) ratio and carbonylated protein levels by reducing oxidative stress. Moreover, the leaf extract of M. nigraL. decreased the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity, increased insulinemia, and alleviated hyperglycemia-induced diabetes. In conclusion, our study found that the leaf extract of M. nigraL. improved oxidative stress and complications in diabetic rats, suggesting the utility of this herbal remedy in the prevention and treatment of DM.
(1) Background: Viral respiratory infections cause life-threatening diseases in millions of people worldwide every year. Human coronavirus and several picornaviruses are responsible for worldwide ...epidemic outbreaks, thus representing a heavy burden to their hosts. In the absence of specific treatments for human viral infections, natural products offer an alternative in terms of innovative drug therapies. (2) Methods: We analyzed the antiviral properties of the leaves and stem bark of the mulberry tree (
spp.). We compared the antiviral activity of
spp. on enveloped and nonenveloped viral pathogens, such as human coronavirus (HCoV 229E) and different members of the
family-human poliovirus 1, human parechovirus 1 and 3, and human echovirus 11. The antiviral activity of 12 water and water-alcohol plant extracts of the leaves and stem bark of three different species of mulberry-
var.
,
var.
, and
-were evaluated. We also evaluated the antiviral activities of kuwanon G against HCoV-229E. (3) Results: Our results showed that several extracts reduced the viral titer and cytopathogenic effects (CPE). Leaves' water-alcohol extracts exhibited maximum antiviral activity on human coronavirus, while stem bark and leaves' water and water-alcohol extracts were the most effective on picornaviruses. (4) Conclusions: The analysis of the antiviral activities of
spp. offer promising applications in antiviral strategies.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Effects of lactic acid fermentation on mulberry bioactive compounds and bioactivities were studied.•Lactic acid fermentation affected positively the phenolic profile of the juice.•Antioxidant ...activities of mulberry juice were improved after the fermentation.•Fermentation using L. plantarum exhibited the highest desirability.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on color properties, phenolic profile and antioxidant activities of mulberry juice. Mulberry juice was separately fermented at 37 °C for 36 h using Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus paracasei. The results showed that lactic acid fermentation impacted on the color of the juice. Moreover, the study demonstrated that LABs impacted on the phenolic profile of the juice. Syringic acid, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and quercetin were the predominant phenolic acid, anthocyanin and flavonol respectively in the lactic-acid-fermented mulberry juice. The degree of radical scavenging activity was species-specific with the L. plantarum fermented juice having the highest radical scavenging activities. The correlation analysis demonstrated that flavonols and anthocyanins were mostly responsible for the increased in 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity while phenolic acids and flavonols were responsible for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and reducing power capacity of the fermented juice.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Enterococci are a common cause of urinary tract infections. The severity of enterococcal infections is associated with their ability to form biofilms. Morus leaves are known as a natural ...antibacterial, however, their antibiofilm activity against Enterococcus remains unveiled. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of four polyphenol-rich Morus leaves extracts (Morus nigra, M. rubra, M. macroura, and M. alba) to inhibit biofilm formed by enterococcal clinical isolates in relation to their metabolic profiling. Results revealed that 48% of the isolates formed strong biofilm, 28% formed moderate biofilm, 20% formed weak biofilm, and only 4% did not form a biofilm. The strong biofilm-forming isolates were E. faecalis, and hence were chosen for this study. The antibiofilm activity of the four polyphenol-rich Morus leaves extracts revealed that the M. nigra extract exhibited the highest percentage of biofilm inhibition followed by M. rubra then M. macroura and the least inhibition was detected in M. alba, and these results were in accordance with the phenolic and flavonoid contents of each extract. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified 61 polyphenolic compounds in the four extracts. Further, multivariate analysis confirmed clear segregation of M. nigra from the other species suggesting disparity in its metabolome, with accumulation of flavonoids, anthocyanidins, phenolic acids and coumarin derivatives. Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides were found to be positively and significantly correlated to the antibiofilm activity. In conclusion, M. nigra ethanolic extracts showed the highest phenolic content and antibiofilm activity and they could be developed as a complementary treatment for the development of antimicrobial agents.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Although ethylene is well known as an essential regulator of fruit development, little work has examined the role ethylene plays in the development and maturation of mulberry (Morus L.) fruit. To ...study the mechanism of ethylene action during fruit development in this species, we measured the ethylene production, fruit firmness, and soluble solids content (SSC) during fruit development and harvest. By comparing the results with those from other climacteric fruit, we concluded that Morus fruit are probably climacteric. Genes associated with the ethylene signal transduction pathway of Morus were characterized from M. notabilis Genome Database, including four ethylene receptor genes, a EIN2-like gene, a CTR1-like gene, four EIN3-like genes, and a RTE1-like gene. The expression patterns of these genes were analyzed in the fruit of M. atropurpurea cv. Jialing No.40. During fruit development, transcript levels of MaETR2, MaERS, MaEIN4, MaRTE, and MaCTR1 were lower at the early stages and higher after 26 days after full bloom (DAF), while MaETR1, MaEIL1, MaEIL2, and MaEIL3 remained constant. In ripening fruit, the transcripts of MaACO1 and MaACS3 increased, while MaACS1 and MaACO2 decreased after harvest. The transcripts of MaACO1, MaACO2, and MaACS3 were inhibited by ethylene, and 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) upregulated MaACS3. The transcripts of the MaETR-like genes, MaRTE, and MaCTR1 were inhibited by ethylene and 1-MCP, suggesting that ethylene may accelerate the decline of MaETRs transcripts. No significant changes in the expression of MaEIN2, MaEIL1, and MaEIL3 were observed during ripening or in response to ethylene, while the expressions of MaEIL2 and MaEIL4 increased rapidly after 24 h after harvest (HAH) and were upregulated by ethylene. The present study provides insights into ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction in Morus plants and lays a foundation for the further understanding of the mechanisms underlying Morus fruit development and ripening.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
High levels of melatonin have been reported in various foods but not in mulberry or its wine. This study investigated the dynamic changes of melatonin levels during mulberry fruit development and ...ethanol fermentation of 2 different colored mulberry cultivars (“Hongguo2ˮ Morus nigra, black and “Baiyuwangˮ Morus alba, white) at 2 fermentation temperatures (16 and 25 °C). Our results showed that the melatonin level increased in the beginning of mulberry development but decreased in the end. The MnTDC gene expression level correlated with melatonin production, which implied that TDC may be the rate‐limiting enzyme of the melatonin biosynthetic process in mulberries. During mulberry fermentation, the melatonin concentration increased rapidly in the beginning and then decreased gradually. Low temperature delayed the melatonin production during fermentation. A relatively high level of melatonin was found in “Hongguo2ˮ compared with “Baiyuwangˮ during fruit development and fermentation. The variation of melatonin correlated with the ethanol production rate, suggesting that melatonin may participate in physiological regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the fermentation stage.
Practical Application
We demonstrated that melatonin levels change during mulberry fruit development and wine fermentation. Farmers can decide the best harvesting time to ensure the highest content of melatonin in their mulberries. Winemakers can also adjust the fermentation process according to our research to achieve high levels of melatonin in their mulberry wines.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is a climacteric and highly perishable fruit. Ethylene has been considered to be an important trigger of fruit ripening process. However, the role of ethylene in the mulberry ...fruit ripening process remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data of mulberry fruit and the physiological changes accompanying the fruit ripening process. Our study revealed that changes in the accumulation of specific metabolites at different stages of fruit development and ripening were closely correlated to transcriptional changes as well as underlying physiological changes and the development of taste biomolecules. The ripening of mulberry fruits was highly associated with the production of endogenous ethylene, and further application of exogenous ethylene assisted the ripening process. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differential expression of diverse ripening-related genes was involved in sugar metabolism, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and cell wall modification pathways. Network analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics data revealed that many transcription factors and ripening-related genes were involved, among which ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (MaERF3) plays a crucial role in the ripening process. The role of MaERF3 in ripening was experimentally proven in a transient overexpression assay in apples. Our study indicates that ethylene plays a vital role in modulating mulberry fruit ripening. The results provide a basis for guiding the genetic manipulation of mulberry fruits towards sustainable agricultural practices and improve post-harvest management, potentially enhancing the quality and shelf life of mulberry fruits for sustainable agriculture and forestry.
•Late stage of mulberry fruit ripening witnessed ethylene accumulation and physiological changes.•Late stage fruit ripening-specific differentially expressed genes and associated metabolic pathways highlighted.•Transcriptome and metabolome data interconnects ethylene signaling and mulberry fruit ripening.•MaERF3 are important for ripening process.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Determination of polyphenolic profile and total phenolic content of mulberry extracts.•Evaluation of antioxidant capacity using four assays.•Classification of extracts using PCA.•Relationship ...between polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity.
In this study, the polyphenolic profile of 11 Morus alba fruits grown in the Vojvodina region was investigated. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with Linear Trap Quadrupole and OrbiTrap mass analyzer, and UHPLC coupled with a diode array detector and a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer were used for the identification and quantification of the polyphenols, respectively. A total of 14 hydroxycinnamic acid esters, 13 flavonol glycosides, and 14 anthocyanins were identified in the extracts with different distributions and contents according to the sampling. The total phenolic content ranged from 43.84 to 326.29mg GAE/100g frozen fruit. The radical scavenging capacity (50.18–86.79%), metal chelating ability (0.21–8.15%), ferric ion reducing power (0.03–38.45μM ascorbic acid) and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (16.53–62.83%) were assessed. The findings indicated that mulberry polyphenolics may act as potent superoxide anion radical scavengers and reducing agents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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