•The range of a fire during the erection of a building may be unexpectedly wide.•At the construction stage of the building, fire protection should be implemented simultaneously with other ...elements.•In poorly ventilated rooms, the moisture content of the concrete members will be high over a long period of time.•Achieving full strength by concrete does not prevent thermal spalling.•A fire during the construction phase can result in the need for costly repairs.
The article analyzes the effects of a fire that occurred in a small room of an electrical switchboard in the underground garage of a multi-storey residential building. The building was in the final stage of construction, but many of the ‘passages’ of the installation through the walls and ceilings were not yet fire-protected, ie., the fire integrity requirement was not met. It results that a spread of fire was much larger than could be expected.
The research carried out in order to assess the condition of the structure after the fire were presented, in particular the selection of members that: (1) had to be dismantled, (2) required significant strengthening or repair, (3) could be used after only minor cleaning works. Due to the short time to carry out the assessment, it was mainly based on non-destructive tests (NDT) results.
The conclusions from the conducted assessment and analyzes were presented. A small and seemingly easy to control fire, which started in the underground garage, spread up to 12 storeys above ground level. The fire was difficult to control due to incomplete works in the field of securing installation passages through the partitions. These works were to be carried out in the final stage of the construction of the building, while the electrical installation was already in use.
Damage to reinforced concrete members had an unexpectedly large extent due to thermal spalling of the concrete. Significant intensification of this phenomenon was caused by the high moisture content in ‘relatively young concrete’ (short drying time from casting the members) and the close location of the burning electrical wires in relation to the structural members. The possibilities of estimating, but still sufficiently reliable, assessment of damage to members using NDT was pointed out.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
With the development of the petrochemical industry, pipeline inspection technology plays a vital role in terms of avoiding explosions and protecting people's life and property. Pipelines working in ...high-temperature environments suffer from dual dangers of internal and external wall defects. It is often difficult to find a single nondestructive testing (NDT) method that can cover internal and external defects detection especially in high-temperature environments. In order to discover pipeline defects in time, we propose a hybrid online monitoring method for comprehensive defects inspection in high-temperature environments. This hybrid monitoring method combines eddy current testing (ECT) with electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) techniques. Specifically, we split the coil signal into two channels; one channel gives ECT signal and the other gives EMAT signal; furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed hybrid monitoring method by numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. The results show that the proposed hybrid online monitoring method can be used successfully to simultaneously monitor surface and internal defects and has high stability even at temperatures above 300 °C. Our approach achieves the genuine integration of ECT/EMAT technologies, effectively addressing the challenge of incomplete monitoring of pipeline defects in high-temperature environments.
Terahertz (THz) technology has firmly established itself as an effective sensing and nondestructive testing (NDT) technique for the detection of substances and physicochemical evaluation of materials ...and structural systems since its first emergence almost three decades ago. To date, both the effectiveness and accuracy of this technology have been extensively demonstrated in a myriad of applications across the spectrum of research and development all the way to process analytical technology (PAT), quality control, NDT, and structural health monitoring. These applications are generally enabled by the production and availability of advanced, versatile, robust, highly accurate, and industrially rugged THz spectroscopy and imaging (THz-SI) systems, the unique properties of THz waves compared with other electromagnetic waves, as well as the advancements in electronics, photonics, and THz metamaterial systems development. This article presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice review of sensing and NDT applications of THz technology and analyzes the role of THz metamaterials in enhancing the resolution and sensitivity of THz systems. The study also provides a general overview of the fundamentals of THz-SI systems and discusses the suitability of THz sensing and NDT in a variety of real-world application scenarios (e.g., composites' defect detection and evaluation, paints and coatings thickness measurement and characterization, and biomolecule detection). Aspects, such as the noise caused by the presence of barriers, challenges with experimental implementations and operability of THz systems, long times required to acquire THz images, as well as limited customizability and portability of currently available THz systems, are also discussed.
•WRE@Fe3O4 MNPs prepared by green extraction method.•The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles are conjugated with FITC for helping to visible.•Green synthesized WRE@Fe3O4 MNPs show magnetic ...behavior.•Experimental studies exhibit that the cracks between 1.29 mm and 1.55 mm can be detected in the test block during MPI testing.
In this study, an easy and eco-friendly way for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles was investigated and mainly focused on its use on magnetic particle inspection (MPI) as a fluorescent magnetic particle. For this purpose, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) were prepared via rapid and green route using watermelon rinds extract (WRE). The synthesized WRE@Fe3O4 MNPs have been characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). From the SEM images of the WRE@Fe3O4 MNPs, it has been shown that particle size was ranging from 50 nm to 100 nm. EDS spectrum indeed confirmed the presence of significant amounts of Fe and O. The average particle size was found to be 554.8 nm by DLS method. The magnetic property of WRE@Fe3O4 MNPs was analyzed by Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The analysis of synthesized nanoparticles showed an amount of 24.35 emu/g for magnetic saturation. All of the results, the green synthesized WRE@Fe3O4 MNPs demonstrated good potential for identifying cracks in the test block during MPI testing. Thus, the cracks between 1.29 and 1.55 mm in the test block were successfully identified.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The proper development of sensorimotor integration depends on the efficient functioning of the central nervous system and on the inflow of the right amount of stimuli from your own body and from the ...environment. Integration of information from basic sensory systems - vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile - plays a particularly important role here. Appropriate stimulation of the nervous system by stimuli derived from the three basic senses is essential for proper psychomotor development of the infant. The high plasticity of the ripening central nervous system means that early treatment may cause the alleviation or even withdrawal of pathological symptoms. The aim of the study is to assess the level of sensory integration in children with locomotive motor disorders and to assess the possibility of stimulation of this process during NDT-Bobath therapy. The research included 43 children aged 4-12 months in the Świętokrzyskie Province. The tests used the Sensomotor Functions Test in Infants (TSFI), which were carried out twice (before the rehabilitation and after four months of therapy). Before starting the rehabilitation, 81% of the children experienced impaired processing of sensory integration processes. After four months, this percentage decreased to 47%. The most significant changes were found in the field of touch and vestibular integration. Disturbances in the processing of sensory integration processes are a significant problem in children with motor-related disorders of central origin. The NDT-Bobath method improves the functioning of sensory processes.
The proper development of sensorimotor integration depends on the efficient functioning of the central nervous system and on the inflow of the right amount of stimuli from your own body and from the ...environment. Integration of information from basic sensory systems - vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile - plays a particularly important role here. Appropriate stimulation of the nervous system by stimuli derived from the three basic senses is essential for proper psychomotor development of the infant. The high plasticity of the ripening central nervous system means that early treatment may cause the alleviation or even withdrawal of pathological symptoms. The aim of the study is to assess the level of sensory integration in children with locomotive motor disorders and to assess the possibility of stimulation of this process during NDT-Bobath therapy. The research included 43 children aged 4-12 months in the Świętokrzyskie Province. The tests used the Sensomotor Functions Test in Infants (TSFI), which were carried out twice (before the rehabilitation and after four months of therapy). Before starting the rehabilitation, 81% of the children experienced impaired processing of sensory integration processes. After four months, this percentage decreased to 47%. The most significant changes were found in the field of touch and vestibular integration. Disturbances in the processing of sensory integration processes are a significant problem in children with motor-related disorders of central origin. The NDT-Bobath method improves the functioning of sensory processes.
•Bi-objective approach shows high efficiency in capturing the concrete strength variability.•Regression approach has limited ability in capturing the concrete strength variability.•Calibration ...approaches cannot be used to estimate the concrete strength variability.•Bi-objective, regression and calibration approaches can efficiently assess the mean strength.
Using non-destructive techniques (NDT) like rebound hammer in combination with destructive techniques (DT) like core test is a common practice. Two approaches are widely used to produce a model for assessing the concrete strength. The first approach consists in fitting a specific model between NDT measurements and cores using the regression analysis. The second approach uses a prior model which is calibrated according to measured core strengths. The EN 13791 and ACI standards require a large number of cores to estimate mean concrete strength and concrete strength variability and consequently to calculate the characteristic strength value which depends on these two inputs. In this work, we propose a new approach for identifying the models based on NDT and DT tests in order to capture both mean strength and concrete strength variability. This approach is first illustrated by synthetic simulations which are a good way to study a problem having many degrees of freedom. The proposed approach is then tested on a real data set. In both cases, it is confirmed that the common approaches are able to estimate the mean strength but they fail, even with a large number of cores, to accurately estimate the concrete variability and hence the characteristic strength. Reversely, the new approach shows its high efficiency in capturing the concrete variability (in addition to the mean strength) with a number of cores lower than that prescribed by the standards.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Non-destructive testing and functional tests are an integral part of the manufacturing process of components and constructions used in the automotive industry. The drive and transmission shafts ...joined by Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt (MIAB) welding process, continuously work under constant dynamic loads and must meet particularly high quality criteria. Currently, these tests involve the control of process parameters and destructive tests (including metallographic and functional tests – crushing, twisting, petal test). The article presents an innovative in the automotive industry, including transmission driveshaft manufacturers, non-destructive, ultrasonic quality control methods of MIAB joints. The basic types of presentation of ultrasonic signals are discussed as well as how they are interpreted. Particular emphasis has been placed on the presentation of the capabilities and functionality of the developed application, which enables the visualization and acquisition of Non-destructive testing and functional tests are an integral part of the manufacturing process of components and constructions used in the automotive industry. The drive and transmission shafts joined by Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt (MIAB) welding process, continuously work under constant dynamic loads and must meet particularly high quality criteria. Currently, these tests involve the control of process parameters and destructive tests (including metallographic and functional tests – crushing, twisting, petal test). The article presents an innovative in the automotive industry, including transmission driveshaft manufacturers, non-destructive, ultrasonic quality control methods of MIAB joints. The basic types of presentation of ultrasonic signals are discussed as well as how they are interpreted. Particular emphasis has been placed on the presentation of the capabilities and functionality of the developed application, which enables the visualization and acquisition of ultrasonic signals recorded during automated MIAB weld tests. signals recorded during automated MIAB weld tests. in polish Sposoby wizualizacji sygnałów ultradźwiękowych do wykrywania niezgodności w połączeniach zgrzewanych łukiem wirującym Badania nieniszczące i testy funkcjonalne stanowią integralną część procesu produkcyjnego podzespołów i komponentów wykorzystywanych w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym. Półosie i wały napędowe zgrzewane łukiem wirującym (MIAB), będące elementami przeniesienia napędu są częściami, które podlegając ciągłym obciążeniom dynamicznym, muszą spełniać szczególnie wysokie kryteria jakościowe. Obecnie badania te polegają na kontroli parametrów procesu i badaniach niszczących (w tym badaniach metalogra cznych i testach funkcjonalnych – zgniatanie, skręcanie, test płatkowy). W artykule przedstawiono nowatorską i innowacyjną w branży motoryzacyjnej, obejmującej producentów półosi i wałów napędowych nieniszczącą, ultradźwiękową metodę kontroli jakości połączeń zgrzewanych łukiem wirującym. Omówiono podstawowe rodzaje prezentacji sygnałów ultradźwiękowych oraz sposoby ich interpretacji. Szczególny nacisk położono na przedstawienie możliwości i funkcjonalności opracowanej autorskiej aplikacji, umożliwiającej wizualizację i akwizycję sygnałów ultradźwiękowych rejestrowanych podczas zauto- matyzowanego badania zgrzein wykonanych metodą MIAB.
AbstractWe present a new convolutional neural network (CNN)-based element-wise classification method to detect a random number of voids with arbitrary shapes in a two-dimensional (2D) plane-strain ...solid subjected to elastodynamics. We consider that an elastic wave source excites the solid including a random number of voids, and wave responses are measured by sensors placed around the solid. We present a CNN for resolving the inverse problem, which is formulated as an element-wise classification problem. The CNN is trained to classify each element into a regular or void element from measured wave signals. Element-wise binary classification enables the identification of targeted voids of any shapes and any number without prior knowledge or hint about their locations, shape types, and numbers, while existing methods rely on such prior information. To this end, we generate training data consisting of input-layer features (i.e., measured wave signals at sensors) and output-layer features (i.e., element types of all elements). When the training data are generated, we utilize the level-set method to avoid an expensive remeshing process, which is otherwise needed for each different configuration of voids. We also analyze how effectively the CNN performs on blind test data from a non-level-set wave solver that explicitly models the boundary of voids using an unstructured, fine mesh. Numerical results show that the suggested approach can detect the locations, shapes, and sizes of multiple elliptical and circular voids in the 2D solid domain in the test data set as well as a blind test data set.
•A novel optimisation scheme enabling autonomous robotic inspection for NDT.•Demonstrated with an ultrasonic robotic inspection of an aerospace composite panel.•Optimiser guides robot exploration ...based on spatial model of robust novelty indices.•Gaussian process regression gives damage probability distribution at unscanned locals.•Total probability-of-damage field updated sequentially as observations gathered.
The use of robotics is beginning to play a key role in automating the data collection process in Non Destructive Testing (NDT). Increasing the use of automation quickly leads to the gathering of large quantities of data, which makes it inefficient, perhaps even infeasible, for a human to parse the information contained in them. This paper presents a solution to this problem by making the process of NDT data acquisition an autonomous one as opposed to an automatic one. In order to achieve this, the robotic data acquisition task is treated as an optimisation problem, where one seeks to find locations with the highest indication of damage. The resulting algorithm combines damage detection technology from the field of data-driven Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) with novel ideas in uncertainty quantification which enable the optimisation routine to be probabilistic. The algorithm is sequential; a decision is made at every iteration regarding the next optimal physical location for making an observation. This is achieved by modelling a two-dimensional field of novelty indices across a part/structure which is derived from a robust outlier analysis procedure. The value of this autonomous approach is that the output is not only measured data, but the most desirable information from an NDT inspection – the probability that a component contains damage. Furthermore, the algorithm also minimises the number of observations required, thus minimising the time and cost of data gathering.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
PDF