Fluid inclusions and pore fluids seldomly contain pure fluids, i.e. single component, and the properties of these natural fluids must be investigated with complex equations of state for fluid ...mixtures. However, the properties of nearly-pure fluids can be modelled with equations of state for pure gas components, including an insignificant error. Occasionally, fluid inclusions are observed that can be modelled according to these considerations. The program “Pures” has been developed to calculate properties of pure gases: H2O, CO2, CH4, N2, C2H6, O2, NH3, CO, H2, D2O, Ar, C3H8, SO2, H2S, and He. These fluid components belong to the most abundant volatile species that are observed in fluid inclusions in quartz and other host minerals in rock. The thermodynamic properties of these fluids are calculated with highly accurate Helmholtz energy functions that cover both the liquid and vapour. Viscosity and surface tension are calculated with additional purely- and semi-empirical equations. Stand-alone applications can be operated in Macintosh-, Windows-, and Linux-based operated computer systems, and contain algorithms that are designed with BASIC language within the XOJO programming environment. A series of twelve self-instructive interfaces (modules) are leading the user through the complex calculation procedures. The modules include the calculation of pressure, temperature, molar volume, isochores, isotherms, fugacity, homogenization conditions, liquid-vapour equilibria, thermodynamic state properties, viscosity, and surface tension. Fluid densities in quartz-confined inclusions can be corrected for temperature- and pressure-dependent volume changes of the host crystal. Fluid modelling in the program “Pures” is not restricted to fluid inclusion research, and can also be applied to other research fields that involve a fluid phase. “Pures” is included in the software package FLUIDS.
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By the 1920s in Central Europe, it had become a truism among intellectuals that natural science had "disenchanted" the world, and in particular had reduced humans to mere mechanisms, devoid of higher ...purpose. But could a new science of "wholeness" heal what the old science of the "machine" had wrought? Some contemporary scientists thought it could. These years saw the spread of a new, "holistic" science designed to nourish the heart as well as the head, to "reenchant" even as it explained. Critics since have linked this holism to a German irrationalism that is supposed to have paved the way to Nazism. In a penetrating analysis of this science, Anne Harrington shows that in fact the story of holism in Germany is a politically heterogeneous story with multiple endings. Its alliances with Nazism were not inevitable, but resulted from reorganizational processes that ultimately brought commitments to wholeness and race, healing and death into a common framework. Before 1933, holistic science was a uniquely authoritative voice in cultural debates on the costs of modernization. It attracted not only scientists with Nazi sympathies but also moderates and leftists, some of whom left enduring humanistic legacies. Neither a "reduction" of science to its politics, nor a vision in which the sociocultural environment is a backdrop to the "internal" work of science, this story instead emphasizes how metaphor and imagery allow science to engage "real" phenomena of the laboratory in ways that are richly generative of human meanings and porous to the social and political imperatives of the hour.
Science in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Istanbul, Harun Küçük argues, was without leisure, a phenomenon spurred by the hyperinflation a century earlier when scientific texts all but ...disappeared from the college curriculum and inflation reduced the wages of professors to one-tenth of what they were in the sixteenth century. It was during this tumultuous period that philosophy and theory, the more leisurely aspects of naturalism-and the pursuit of "knowledge for knowledge's sake"-vanished altogether from the city. But rather than put an end to science in Istanbul, this economic crisis was transformative, turning science into a practical matter, into something one learned through apprenticeship and provided as a service. InScience without Leisure, Küçük reveals how Ottoman science, when measured against familiar narratives of the Scientific Revolution, was remarkably far less scholastic and philosophical and far more cosmopolitan and practical. His book explains why as practical naturalists deployed natural knowledge to lucrative ends without regard for scientific theories, science in the Ottoman Empire over the long term ultimately became the domain of physicians, bureaucrats, and engineers rather than of scholars and philosophers.
Cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) from Acinetobacter sp NCIMB 9871 expressed in baker's yeast and in E. coli and cyclopentanone monooxygenase (CPMO) from Comamonas (previously Pseudomonas) sp. NCIMB ...9872 expressed in E. coli are new bioreagents for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. These engineered microorganisms, requiring neither biochemical expertise nor equipment beyond that found in chemical laboratories, were evaluated as reagents for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of cyclopentanones substituted at the 2-position with polar and nonpolar chains suitable for further modifications. Two such functionalized substrates that can be transformed into highly enantiopure lactones were identified. The performance and the potential of these bioreagents are discussed.Key words: enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations, biotransformations, cyclohexanone monooxygenase, cyclo pentanone monooxygenase, engineered baker's yeast, recombinant E. coli, optically pure 2-substituted cyclopentanones, optically pure lactones.
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Le Collège de France se définit comme le lieu de la science en voie de se faire. Rejetant tout partage disciplinaire fixe, il prône l’adéquation de ses enseignements au renouvellement des savoirs. ...Mais ce qui apparaît comme une libre transformation est aussi l’expression d’une politique institutionnelle. Le choix d’un intitulé de chaire, la désignation d’un titulaire résultent de l’état de la science et d’un contexte académique, politique et social. La reconduction d’une chaire revient à affirmer qu’une discipline mérite d’être enseignée ; la suppression d’une autre signifie que celle-ci n’a plus sa place dans le paysage scientifique. L’analyse des pratiques à l’œuvre au Collège de France durant ses cinq siècles d’existence, révèle une tension vive et persistante entre l’engagement en faveur de l’innovation et la perpétuation des traditions séculaires. Sur la base de nombreux documents inédits issus notamment des archives du Collège de France, cet ouvrage revisite l’autodéfinition de la plus fameuse institution savante française et invite à reconsidérer la fabrique et le partage des savoirs dans l’enseignement et la recherche.
James Wynn’s timely investigation highlights scientific studies grounded in publicly gathered data and probes the rhetoric these studies employ. Many of these endeavors, such as the widely used ...SETI@home project, simply draw on the processing power of participants’ home computers; others, like the protein-folding game FoldIt , ask users to take a more active role in solving scientific problems. In Citizen Science in the Digital Age: Rhetoric, Science, and Public Engagement , Wynn analyzes the discourse that enables these scientific ventures, as well as the difficulties that arise in communication between scientists and lay people and the potential for misuse of publicly gathered data.
Wynn puzzles out the intricacies of these exciting new research developments by focusing on various case studies. He explores the Safecast project, which originated from crowd-sourced mapping for Fukushima radiation dispersal, arguing that evolving technologies enable public volunteers to make concrete, sound, science-based arguments. Additionally, he considers the potential use of citizen science as a method of increasing the public’s identification with the scientific community, and contemplates how more collaborative rhetoric might deepen these opportunities for interaction and alignment. Furthermore, he examines ways in which the lived experience of volunteers may be integrated with expert scientific knowledge, and also how this same personal involvement can be used to further policy agendas.
Precious few texts explore the intersection of rhetoric, science, and the Internet. Citizen Science in the Digital Age fills this gap, offering a clear, intelligent overview of the topic intended for rhetoric and communication scholars as well as practitioners and administrators in a number of science-based disciplines. With the expanded availability of once inaccessible technologies and computing power to laypeople, the practice of citizen science will only continue to grow. This study offers insight into how—given prudent application and the clear articulation of common goals—citizen science might strengthen the relationships between scientists and laypeople.
Dans la Chine du IIIè siècle, les mutations politiques et intellectuelles considérables survenues après l’effondrement des Han favorisent l’éveil d’une conscience inédite de l’individu, ainsi que ...l’émergence de nouvelles tendances philosophiques (le néo-taoïsme de l’Étude du Mystère) et l’apparition d’une activité artistique en rupture avec la tradition qui s’est imposée durant quatre siècles d’hégémonie confucéenne. La musique, qui occupe une place d’élection dans la vie des lettrés, voit évoluer le statut et la pratique auxquels elle était jusqu’alors confinée, l’outil moralisateur au service de la concorde sociale s’affirmant désormais comme une distraction libre et privée, affranchie de ses finalités politiques et civilisatrices. Notre travail prend pour objet les conceptions de la musique qui ont vu le jour dans ce contexte de l’avènement esthétique et d’une valorisation sans précédent des émotions individuelles. En nous concentrant plus particulièrement sur Ruan Ji 阮籍 (210-263) et Ji Kang 嵇康 (223-262), figures de proue de la pléiade des Sept Sages de la Forêt de Bambous et éminents poètes, philosophes et musiciens, nous avons cherché à étudier la réflexion esthétique qui s’élabore dans leurs écrits autour des questions de l’origine et la nature de la musique, de ses fonctions morales et sociales, de son utilisation politique ou macrobiotique, de ses vertus éthiques ou diététiques, ou encore de son lien aux émotions. L’analyse textuelle est complétée par celle de pratiques ou de gestes musicaux : le sifflement chez Ruan Ji, la cithare chez Ji Kang, qui donnent corps aux discours et illustrent leur mise en œuvre concrète dans la vie de ces auteurs. De sorte que l’esthétique ne se définit plus seulement comme un discours, mais aussi comme un ethos, et que l’effort d’affranchissement de la musique est contemporain d’une d’émancipation des sujets mêmes de l’expérience esthétique.
In third-century China, the huge political and intellectual mutations occurring after the collapse of the Han dynasty result in the awakening of a new self-consciousness of man and the emergence of new philosophical trends (the so called Dark Learning), or also an artistic activity breaking off with four centuries of Confucian orthodoxy. Music, which occupies a privileged position in the life of literati, evolves as well, as far as its traditional status and practice are both concerned. No more considered a tool of moralization for the sake of civilized order or social harmony, it becomes a private and free distraction, emancipated from political or any other pragmatic purpose. The conceptions of music appearing in this context of nascent aesthetics provide the subject matter of our research. Focusing on Ruan Ji 阮籍 (210-263) and Ji Kang 嵇康 (223-262), two leading figures of the well-known literati group “the Seven Sages of the bamboo grove” who were also famous poets, thinkers and musicians, we attempt to examine their aesthetic thought throughout their main writings on music, concerning issues such as the origins and nature of music, its moral or social functions, its political or macrobiotic use, its ethical or dietetic virtues, and also its relation to man’s emotions. The textual analysis is completed by the study of musical practices or gestures (Ruan Ji’s whistling, Ji Kang’s playing the zither), that illustrate the effective application of their ideas in concrete life. Therefore, aesthetics does not only consist in a mere discourse, but becomes a kind of ethos, in which the emancipation of music is inseparable from that of the individual himself, through his aesthetic experience.
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