► The medium-term behaviour of constructed wetlands (CWs) to remove PPCPs was assessed. ► Removal efficiencies decreased throughout the operational time. ► Performance differences among several types ...of CWs softened throughout time. ► Winter removal efficiencies were lower than summer ones for many PPCPs. ► Carbamazepine and diclofenac were partially removed.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely distributed in urban wastewaters and can be removed to some extent by constructed wetlands (CWs). The medium-term (3–5years) behaviour of these systems regarding PPCP removal is still unknown. Seven mesocosm-scale (1m2) CWs of different configurations were operated outdoors for 39months under the same conditions to assess their PPCP removal ability and temporal evolution. CWs differed in some design parameters, namely plant presence, species chosen (Typha angustifolia vs Phragmites australis), flow configuration and presence/absence of gravel bed (floating macrophytes surface flow, FM-SF; free-water surface flow, FW-SF; free-water subsurface flow, FW-SSF; or conventional horizontal subsurface flow, SSF). PPCP efficiencies decreased throughout time and performance differences among CWs disappeared with the systems aging. This could be due to a homogenization process in the systems caused by detrimental factors like saturation, clogging and shading. Winter efficiencies were lower than summer ones for salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide, and seasonal biological activities seem key factors to explain this fact. Maximal removal efficiencies were achieved in an unplanted-FW-SSF for ketoprofen (47–81%), naproxen (58–81%) and salicylic acid (76–98%); in an unplanted-SSF for caffeine (65–99%); in a Phragmites-FM-SF for ibuprofen (49–96%) and diclofenac (16–68%); in a Typha-FM-SF for carbamazepine (35–71%); and in a Typha-FW-SSF for methyl dihydrojasmonate (71–96%), galaxolide (67–82%) and tonalide (55–74%). Photodegradation could be involved in ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac removal. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were moderately removed by the most efficient CWs studied. Carbamazepine might be eliminated by vegetal uptake.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Metformin, carbamazepine and caffeine can be taken up by P. australis and T. latifolia.•The uptake process of metformin was not concentration-dependent.•The characteristic of uptake and transport of ...metformin is different from carbamazepine and caffeine.•Quinidine can significantly inhibit the uptake of metformin.•Organic cation transporters could be considered as a potential channel for metformin in roots.
Metformin (MET) as an emerging contaminant has been detected in surface water and wastewater in numerous countries, due to insufficient retention in classical waste water treatment plants. In order to characterize the uptake of the compound during phytotreatment of waste water, a short term Pitman chamber experiment was carried out to assess the characteristics of MET uptake and transport by roots. Three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mmolL−1) were applied to cattail (Typha latifolia) and reed (Phragmites australis) roots which were used to investigate the uptake mechanism because they are frequently utilized in phytoremediation. In addition, quinidine was used as an inhibitor to assess the role of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in the uptake of MET by T. latifolia. The transport process of MET is different from carbamazepine (CBZ) and caffeine (CFN). In both T. latifolia and P. australis, the uptake processes were independent of initial concentrations. Quinidine, a known inhibitor of organic cation transporters, can significantly affect MET uptake by T. latifolia roots with inhibition ratios of 70–74%. Uptake into the root could be characterized by a linear model with R2 values in the range of 0.881–0.999. Overall, the present study provides evidence that MET is taken up by plant roots and has the potential for subsequent translocation. OCTs could be one of the important pathways for MET uptake into the plant.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Introduction
Coastal estuarine wetlands provide important habitats for a variety of endemic flora and fauna but are particularly vulnerable to biological invasions. Regular monitoring of changes in ...these vulnerable wetlands has become increasingly important for effective management, especially considering threats from climate change effects and human disturbance. Historical analyzes of plant invasions may guide targeted management strategies to eradicate harmful species. Estimating the distribution of invasive species has never been more accessible with the improved availability of high-resolution data and innovations in remote sensing, estimating the distribution of invasive species has never been more accessible.
Methods
We assessed the spread of non-native
Phragmites australis
subsp.
australis
in Suisun Marsh on the upper San Francisco Estuary, one of the largest brackish coastal wetlands in North America. Suisun Marsh consists of managed and tidal wetlands, and efforts have been made to control invasive
P. australis
on the managed wetlands to support habitat values for wildlife. We used remote-sensing analyzes of publicly available, biennial color-infrared images taken by the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) to map the expansion of invasive
P. australis
across two decades. We generated random forest classifications of representative images to map the distribution of
P. australis
, then calculated a variety of metrics describing the rate and spatial extent of the
P. australis
spread. Additionally, we ran generalized linear models to examine factors related to the growth of
P. australis
.
Results
Our classifications yielded accuracies of over 90% and showed a 234% (1,084 ha) increase in
P. australis
between 2003 and 2018. The expansion rate of
P. australis
patches averaged 1.32 m/year (±0.53 SD) which is higher than most reported in the literature. We found that
P. australis
expansion in managed areas within levees was significantly correlated with invasion in tidal areas outside the levees on the same parcel and also related to its spread on adjacent parcels.
Discussion
Our findings suggest that despite individual landowner management efforts,
P. australis
has continued to expand substantially throughout Suisun Marsh. Future efforts to treat invasive
P. australis
may require emphasizing adaptive, collaborative management rather than individual management strategies to ensure the invasive species is eradicated on a large scale to preserve the valued ecosystem functions.
Measurements of nitrogen and phosphorus bioaccumulation in the leaves, stems, rhizomes, and spikelets of reeds (Phragmites australis) in the Yatsu Tidal Flat were carried out monthly from June 2013 ...to January 2014. The reeds increased in length, in stem and rhizome circumference, and in biomass until October. After November, the reeds started to senescence and biomass decreased. Storage of nitrogen and phosphorus in the leaves and stems was higher from August–October than during other months, while storage in the rhizomes (at 10 cm depth from the sediment surface) was low throughout the investigation period. Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus storage in the leaves, stems, and spikelets accounted for more than 90 % of stores of these nutrients in this study.
This study which was carried out between July 2019 and April 2020 aimed to determine the seasonal changes of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in plant organs of
Phragmites ...australis
and
Typha angustifolia
grown in Eğirdir Lake and to research the usability of the these plants for phytoremediation with the calculation of bioaccumulation factor (BF). Plant samples were brought to the laboratory, and then washed, cleaned with distilled water, dried in an oven at 70 °C and acidified with 10 ml HNO
3
. The samples were heated at 120 °C on a hot plate until completely mineralized. After mineralization, heavy metal concentrations were determined by using ICP-AES (Vista model). Only Mo was the highest in leaf, while other metals were highest in root in
P. australis
. In
T. angustifolia
, Mn and Mo were highest in the leaf, the accumulation of other metals was observed to be higher in the plant’s roots than the other organs. It was discovered that the metal concentrations in root, in stem, and in leaf for both macrophytes generally increased in summer and decreased in root in autumn and winter and in stem and in leaf in spring for
P. australis
and in all organs in spring for
T. angustifolia.
Bioaccumulation factor (BF) values were calculated to determine the phytoremediation potential of
P. australis
and
T. angustifolia.
Both macrophytes are not excluder for all metals. Plants revealed potential for phytoremediation for the removal of heavy metals especially Mo and Zn. As a result of our study, it was determined that both macrophytes had accumulation abilities especially for Mo and Zn. It should be taken into consideration that these macrophytes can be used for improving the current situation of Eğirdir Lake due to their advantages such as being economical and not causing any harm to the environment.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Phragmites australis (common reed) is one of the most extensively distributed species of emergent plant worldwide. The adaptive features of this plant show its competitive character. Owing to high ...intraspecific diversity of common reed, as well as its phenotypic plasticity, the plant shows a broad ecological amplitude. Moreover, the plant exhibits a high capacity for acclimatization to environmental conditions which are considered adverse. This plant has been used for many years in phytoremediation to purify various types of wastewater. Phragmites australis has a high ability to accumulate various nutrients, heavy metals, and micropollutants, and in this respect, it is superior to other aquatic plants. This review examines the existing literature on the biological and ecological properties of common reed, the use of common reed in wastewater treatment for removing pollutants and tolerance for metals, and in hydrophyte treatment systems. It seems vital to conduct further research on the physiology and biochemistry of the common reed, with the aim of increasing the plant’s efficiency for pollutants removal.
•Hybrid constructed wetland represents a valid solution to treat municipal wastewater.•Horizontal subsurface flow wetland abated nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus and orthophosphate ...concentrations.•Floating treatment wetland reduced water turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen concentrations.•Iris pseudacorus showed an excellent biomass production in the floating system.•Phragmites australis well-colonized the horizontal subsurface flow wetland but did not survive in hydroponic conditions.
This work evaluated depuration performance and macrophyte plants growth in a full-scale hybrid-constructed wetland (H-CW) (1000 population equivalent) treating municipal wastewater. The plant was activated in June 2010 after a restoration of an existent H-CW composed of a horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) bed vegetated with evergreen xerophile species (Prunus laurocerasus, Pittosporum spp., Elaeagnus angustifolia), connected with a sedimentation pond vegetated with Lemna spp. To enhance the depuration performances, in both sections of the plant the original vegetation was removed and the HSSF bed was vegetated with Phragmites australis, whereas in the pond, a floating treatment wetland vegetated with Iris pseudacorus was installed. The depuration performance in treating total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate (PO4-P) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was weekly monitored between August 2010 and August 2011. Results indicated median concentration abatements for the entire system of 74.3% for TN, 62.1% for NH4-N, 77.7% for NO3-N, 29.6% for TP, 37.4% for PO4-P, and 46.7% for COD. In addition, at the end of the first growing season (June 2010–November 2010), good adaption to the system was detected for both P. australis and I. pseudacorus, which produced respectively 3.9±2.2kgm−2 and 3.7±1.0kgm−2 of above-ground dry biomass, with average above-ground N uptakes of 62.4±35.6gm−2 and 69.8±19.0gm−2 and average above-ground P uptakes of 4.6±2.6gm−2 and 7.8±2.1gm−2. The results indicate that a H-CW composed of a sequence of HSSF bed and FTW represents an effective application for abating TN, NH4-N, NO3-N and COD concentrations from municipal wastewater.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Invasive species can significantly impact native wildlife by structurally altering habitats and access to resources. Understanding how native species respond to habitat modification by invasive ...species can inform effective habitat restoration, avoiding inadvertent harm to species at risk. The invasive graminoids
Phragmites australis australis
(hereafter
Phragmites
) and
Typha
×
glauca
are increasingly dominating Nearctic wetlands, often outcompeting native vegetation. Previous research suggests that turtles may avoid invasive
Phragmites
when moving through their home ranges, but the mechanisms driving avoidance are unclear. We tested two hypotheses that could explain avoidance of invaded habitat: (1) that stands of invasive macrophytes (
Phragmites
and
Typha x glauca
) impede movement, and (2) that they provide inadequate thermal conditions for turtles. We quantified active-season movements of
E. blandingii
(n = 14, 1328 relocations) and spotted turtles (
Clemmys guttata
; n = 12, 2295 relocations) in a coastal wetland in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Neither hypothesis was supported by the data.
Phragmites
and mixed-species
Typha
stands occurred within the home ranges of mature, active
E. blandingii
and
C. guttata
, and were used similarly to most other available habitats, regardless of macrophyte stem density. Turtles using stands of invasive macrophytes did not experience restricted movements or cooler shell temperatures compared to other wetland habitat types. Control of invasive macrophytes can restore habitat heterogeneity and benefit native wetland species. However, such restoration work should be informed by the presence of at-risk turtles, as heavy machinery used for control or removal may injure turtles that use these stands as habitat.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Urbanization can considerably affect water reservoirs by, inter alia, input, and accumulation of contaminants including metals. Located in the course of River Cybina, Maltański Reservoir (Western ...Poland) is an artificial shallow water body built for recreation and sport purposes which undergoes restoration treatment (drainage) every 4 years. In the present study, we demonstrate an accumulation of nine metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in water, sediment, three bivalve species (Anodonta anatina, Anodonta cygnea, Unio tumidus), and macrophyte Phragmites australis collected before complete drainage in November 2012. The mean concentrations of metals in the sediment, bivalves, and P. australis (roots and leaves) decreased in the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd. A considerably higher bioconcentration of metals was observed in samples collected from the western and southern sites which undergo a higher degree of human impact. Sediments were found to be a better indicator of metal contamination than water samples. Interspecific differences in levels of metal accumulation were found between investigated unionids. U. tumidus accumulated higher levels of Cr, positively correlated with ambient concentrations, predisposing this species as a potential bioindicator of this metal in aquatic environments. On the other hand, species of Anodonta genus demonstrated higher accumulation of Cu and Cd. Positive correlations were found between Pb content in the sediments and tissues of all three bivalve species. In P. australis, metals were largely retained in roots except for Cd and Pb for which higher concentrations were found in leaves suggesting additional absorption of these metals from aerial sources. P. australis and bivalve from the Maltański Reservoir may be a potential source of toxic metals for animals feeding upon them and contribute to further contamination in the food chain.
PDF
