Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is an economically important forest tree in Mediterranean climates and has been the target for selection efforts through micropropagation. Previous attempts on ...microshoots, derived from mature seed cotyledons, reached incipient rooting after induction with a combination of auxin and hypertonic shock, but their development in vitro was not sustained. At this stage, co-culturing plantlets with some fungi isolated from ectomycorrhizas succeeded in overcoming this barrier, enabling satisfactory development in vermiculite and later in soil. About half of the fungal isolates tested helped the plants resume root growth. Although control plants (in the absence of fungi) developed roots at a later stage, i.e. during the post-transplanting acclimation in vermiculite, their growth was weaker. The root systems of some inoculated plants had ectomycorrhizas from the introduced fungi being carried over when the plants were transferred from the co-cultures to vermiculite. In conclusion, co-culturing rooted microshoots with ectomycorrhizal fungi can be an effective means to overcome the difficulties encountered in the use of micropropagation methods on this species.
This paper reports morphological and physiological damage caused by polluted seaspray to coastal pine forests in Liguria (Northern Italy) and suggests the most reliable parameters for ...surfactant-pollution biomonitoring. Concentrations of surfactants in surface seawater, seaspray, and that deposited on Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea needles were determined in samples from five sites. Decline of the pines in the Western part of Liguria was greater than in the East, and was associated with higher surfactant levels deposited on the crowns. Chloride content of needles was higher in damaged pines, even if it did not reach toxic levels. Stomata micromorphologies did not differ between species in the crown parts facing the sea, while differences were significant in the back crown parts that were not directly exposed to polluted sea breezes. Water content and noon water potential indicated interference in water relations of damaged trees. In conclusion, none of the investigated parameters was by itself a comprehensive index of surfactant damage. A simultaneous survey of several parameters is suggested to investigate the impact of surfactants on coastal vegetation. The most useful parameters were: directionality of crown damage, surfactant depositions on the needles, chloride accumulation in the needles, structural injury to epistomatal chambers, needle water content and potential.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Phytohormones, which are responsible for certain age-related changes in plants, play a major role throughout maturation and ageing. Previous results dealing with this topic allowed us to describe an ...ageing and vigour index in
Pinus radiata based on a ratio between different forms of cytokinins (Cks). The aim of the present study was to extend the studies on the changes in the hormonal status throughout maturation and ageing to Stone pine (
Pinus pinea L.). With this aim in mind, a number of Cks were analysed in addition to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in terminal buds, axillary buds and in the apical portion of needles collected from trees at different stages of development. The results showed an increasing pattern in the levels of various Cks similar to that found in previous studies on
P. radiata. Although the maintenance of the same ratio as an ageing and vigour index was not ratified, these results seem to point to Cks as major hormones throughout maturation and related processes in conifers. The distribution of hormones between the two parts of the needle is also discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
La reforestación de tierras agrarias llevada a cabo desde el año 1993 a raíz del RD 378/93 constituye
uno de los mayores esfuerzos repobladores realizados en España en los últimos años. El estudio
y ...análisis de estas actuaciones constituye una valiosa fuente de información para valorar y validar la
técnica reforestadora empleada en unas circunstancias concretas. Esto se ve favorecido por la disponibilidad
de los expedientes de reforestación, que pueden ofrecer una información no despreciable
sobre las características de ejecución de cada actuación. El presente trabajo analiza las reforestaciones
llevadas a cabo en el T.M. de Tembleque (Toledo) desde el año 1994 y extrae conclusiones al respecto.
Para ello, se han consultado y muestreado en campo durante el año 2005, 116 expedientes
correspondientes a los años 94 al 2000 y al año 2003, lo que supone un 24% del total de superficie
reforestada en el municipio. En cada actuación se ha registrado la especie o especies empleadas, la
mortalidad, el diámetro a nivel del suelo, la altura de la planta, la utilización o no de tubo protector y
la presencia de otras labores culturales. Igualmente, se ha analizado el clima de todo el periodo y la
textura del suelo en cada parcela muestreada. Las especies empleadas en el municipio han sido principalmente
Pinus halepensis (55,2%), P. pinea (2,5%), Quercus ilex (22,4%) y Quercus coccifera
(19,8%). La mortalidad total hasta la fecha de muestreo ha sido inferior para la coscoja (32%),
siguiendo el pino carrasco (35%), el piñonero (44%) y por último la encina (53%), que ha sido la especie
con menor supervivencia. Las texturas limosas y francas son las que menor mortalidad han presentado.
El crecimiento, tanto diametral como en altura ha sido netamente superior en los pinos. A su
vez, se observa una cierta tendencia del tubo protector a mejorar la supervivencia.
The effect of a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (Aur 6) isolated from Lupinus hispanicus on pepper seedlings (Capsicum annum cv. Roxy) was studied. This strain had already shown its capacity as a ...plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on seedlings of Lupinus albus, Pinus pinea and Quercus ilex. Strain Aur 6 significantly enhanced all biometric parameters measured: fresh weight, height, neck root diameter and slender index (height/neck root diameter). The PGPB effects could be related to auxin and siderophore production, as strain Aur 6 produced substances of both classes in pure culture. For a further monitoring of Aur 6 in the rhizosphere, strain-specific monoclonal antibodies were developed. Using the strain-specific it could be proofed that Aur 6 is an effective and persistent colonizer of pepper roots, but it is not able to behave as an endophyte.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A low auxin concentration (0.1% naphthalene acetic acid) induced tracheids with longitudinal polarity parallel to
the hypocotyl axis in young Pinus pinea seedlings. Application of 0.1% ethrel ...laterally and 0.1% naphthalene
acetic acid apically disturbed axial tracheid polarity and promoted the differentiation of tracheids with a lateral
orientation. Ethrel by itself, with no auxin background, did not affect tracheid differentiation. Apical application
of 1% gibberellic acid with the low auxin, reversed the polarity disorder induced by ethrel. Disturbance of axial
tracheid polarity was observed under a high auxin concentration (0.5% naphthalene acetic acid) which was similar
to the combined effect of ethrel and auxin. The high auxin concentration increased tracheid number significantly.
This effect was curtailed following treatment with inhibitors of ethylene formation (Co2+; 1-aminoethoxy-
vinylglycine) and action (Ag2+). The role of ethylene in controlling the differentiation of radial tracheids, which
characterize the vascular rays of pines, is discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In the present paper, the differences and similarities among three Pinus pinea littoral forests occurring in three geographically and bioclimatically different areas of Greece are examined with the ...use of floristic (syntaxonomical), numerical and pattern recognition techniques. The three study sites are located in Strofilia forest (south-west Peloponnese), Schinias forest (Attiki), and 'Koukounaries' forest (Skiathos Island) and present a similar 'pattern'. Thorough sampling of the forest flora, by using the Domin scale of abundance, and vegetation sampling were performed for the sites. The sites' flora was then classified into chorological and life-form classes. Vegetation units identification and further syntaxonomical classification of sites' vegetation was done by using TWINSPAN software. Finally, we compared site observations and measurements using several classic similarity and distance criteria, a process aided by Noesis, a pattern recognition software tool designed for signal analysis and industrial data applications. The flora of the three littoral forests expresses a strong Mediterranean character. Five forest habitat types were distinguished according to the Natura 2000 habitat interpretation manual, two of which are priority habitats. Similarities and differences between the flora and vegetation of the three sites were recorded, and a statistical approach was used to measure the degree of similarity between the three protected sites. Conclusions on the ecological status of the three sites were drawn by the combination of these measuring methods.
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