This article assesses the extent to which European governments' legal strategies (i.e. the choices of and changes in the legal foundation(s) authorising executive action) to address the COVID-19 ...pandemic enhanced executive autonomy to the detriment of parliamentary policy-making power, defined as the formal ability of parliaments to constrain executive rule making. Approaching the reduction in parliamentary policy-making power as one indication of 'executive aggrandisement', it contrasts the prominent claim in the literature that populist governments tend to use emergencies to weaken formal checks on executive power with a hypothesis derived from research on crisis policy making, associating such tendencies with unified executives lacking internal checks and balances. Assessing six European governments' legal strategies between January 2020 until the present (spring 2021), the formal weakening of parliaments' role in law making was - overall - more pronounced among 'unified executives' than governments including major populist parties, pointing to a source of 'democratic vulnerability' in emergency situations transcending Central Eastern Europe.
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ABSTRACT
Applying scientific knowledge to confront societal challenges is a difficult task, an issue known as the science–practice gap. In Ecology and Conservation, scientific evidence has been ...seldom used directly to support decision‐making, despite calls for an increasing role of ecological science in developing solutions for a sustainable future. To date, multiple causes of the science–practice gap and diverse approaches to link science and practice in Ecology and Conservation have been proposed. To foster a transparent debate and broaden our understanding of the difficulties of using scientific knowledge, we reviewed the perceived causes of the science–practice gap, aiming to: (i) identify the perspectives of ecologists and conservation scientists on this problem, (ii) evaluate the predominance of these perspectives over time and across journals, and (iii) assess them in light of disciplines studying the role of science in decision‐making. We based our review on 1563 sentences describing causes of the science–practice gap extracted from 122 articles and on discussions with eight scientists on how to classify these sentences. The resulting process‐based framework describes three distinct perspectives on the relevant processes, knowledge and actors in the science–practice interface. The most common perspective assumes only scientific knowledge should support practice, perceiving a one‐way knowledge flow from science to practice and recognizing flaws in knowledge generation, communication, and/or use. The second assumes that both scientists and decision‐makers should contribute to support practice, perceiving a two‐way knowledge flow between science and practice through joint knowledge‐production/integration processes, which, for several reasons, are perceived to occur infrequently. The last perspective was very rare, and assumes scientists should put their results into practice, but they rarely do. Some causes (e.g. cultural differences between scientists and decision‐makers) are shared with other disciplines, while others seem specific to Ecology and Conservation (e.g. inadequate research scales). All identified causes require one of three general types of solutions, depending on whether the causal factor can (e.g. inadequate research questions) or cannot (e.g. scientific uncertainty) be changed, or if misconceptions (e.g. undervaluing knowledge) should be solved. The unchanged predominance of the one‐way perspective over time may be associated with the prestige of evidence‐based conservation and suggests that debates in Ecology and Conservation lag behind trends in other disciplines towards bidirectional views ascribing larger roles to decision‐makers. In turn, the two‐way perspective seems primarily restricted to research traditions historically isolated from mainstream conservation biology. All perspectives represented superficial views of decision‐making by not accounting for limits to human rationality, complexity of decision‐making contexts, fuzzy science–practice boundaries, ambiguity brought about by science, and different types of knowledge use. However, joint knowledge‐production processes from the two‐way perspective can potentially allow for democratic decision‐making processes, explicit discussions of values and multiple types of science use. To broaden our understanding of the interface and foster productive science–practice linkages, we argue for dialogue among different research traditions within Ecology and Conservation, joint knowledge‐production processes between scientists and decision‐makers and interdisciplinarity across Ecology, Conservation and Political Science in both research and education.
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Online digital platforms organize and mediate an ever-increasing share of economic and societal activities. Moreover, the opportunities that platform-mediated markets offer not only attract enormous ...numbers of entrepreneurs but also support the growth of entire ecosystems of producers, sellers, and specialized service providers. The increased economic and business significance of digital platforms has attracted myriad studies exploring their power dynamics and general impact. This research has largely overlooked the power imbalance that entrepreneurs experience as members of the platform ecosystem, and provided little guidance on how these far more numerous firms should compete. Drawing upon power-dependence theory, we show that the power asymmetry in the relationship between the platform and its ecosystem members is intrinsic to the economics and the technological architecture of digital platforms. We conceptually analyze the sources of this power, and we unravel the novel component of risks that emanate from this imbalance. Our analysis suggests that the conditions of engagement for platform entrepreneurs are so different from traditional entrepreneurship that these entrepreneurs are more usefully termed "platform-dependent entrepreneurs" (PDEs). Further, we explore the strategies that PDEs are developing to mitigate their dependence. Finally, our study provides a framework for policy-makers that are considering regulating platform-organized markets.
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摘要
...本文介绍了一系列文章，这些文章研究了被称之为制度语法(IG)的制度分析方法。过去十年，学者已从不同方式并在不同领域中应用了制度语法，以研究决策过程的关键概念和不同方面，例如政策设计、政策变革和政策执行。在此期间，公共政策和不同其他领域的学者展示了制度语法如何能用于这类评估，以及制度语法如何能与不同方法相结合，进而应对不同的研究目的。本文(i)概述了制度语法；(ii)识别了近期《政策研究杂志》出版的一系列研究制度语法应用案例的文章中呈现的交叉主题；(iii)为基于此的未来研究以及其他近期发表的制度语法文章识别了研究机遇。
Resumen
Este artículo proporciona una introducción a una colección de artículos que involucran un enfoque de análisis institucional llamado Gramática Institucional (GI). Durante la última década, los académicos han empleado la GI de diversas formas y dominios para estudiar conceptos y aspectos clave del proceso de formulación de políticas, como el diseño de políticas, el cambio de políticas y la implementación de políticas. A lo largo de este período, los estudiosos de las políticas públicas y de varios otros campos han mostrado cómo se puede usar la GI en la evaluación de las mismas, así como cómo se puede usar la GI junto con varios enfoques metodológicos para responder a una amplia gama de objetivos de investigacion Esta introducción (i) proporciona una descripción general del IG; (ii) identifica temas transversales presentados dentro de la colección de artículos publicados recientemente en el Policy Studies Journal que presentan aplicaciones de la GI; y (iii) identifica oportunidades para futuras investigaciones basadas en este y otros trabajos publicados recientemente que presentan esa GI.
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The Green Deal, the European Commission's current economic and environmental flagship initiative, demands policy change in many fields. One of them is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which has ...a history of complex and controversial reforms. This raises a classic question of EU studies: To what extent and under what conditions can the Commission act as a policy entrepreneur? Analysing its efforts to align the latest CAP reform with the Green Deal, this article shows that, whilst struggling to make an impact in the legislative arena, the Commission used its implementation powers to pressure member states to engage with the Green Deal in their national CAP plans. In doing so, it effectively blended hard and soft law to strengthen its position. The case offers evidence how Commission entrepreneurship can materialize even under adverse conditions.
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9.
Crises, technology, and policy change Bandelow, Nils C.; Hornung, Johanna; Schröder, Ilana ...
The Review of policy research,
20/May , Volume:
39, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
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