Coastal areas in Guinea-Bissau and elsewhere in West Africa are bordered by mangrove forests. In several of these places, swaths of mangrove forest have been removed and the landscape has been ...technologically adapted for the production of mangrove rice-a regionally important staple. However, the effects of global warming, in particular sea-level rise, pose challenges to these socioecological environments. In this context, knowledge appears as an important resource and knowing what knowledge has been produced and which perspectives have guided that production may inform future responses to climate change. We have developed a systematic literature review protocol focusing on the main question: "How have mangrove forest and mangrove rice spaces been represented in the literature on Guinea-Bissau?" The main hypothesis is that although they occupy contiguous, interrelated and interactant spaces in coastal environments, mangrove forests and mangrove rice have been studied and analyzed independently in the literature. This is a protocol for conducting a systematic review that will include academic and non-academic literature in Portuguese, English and French. The academic literature will be retrieved from both Web of Science and Scopus using Boolean expressions. The non-academic literature will be accessed from relevant institutions, specialized libraries, and reference lists of previously selected items. Data extraction will follow a standard procedure based on an information sheet. Our analysis will be both qualitative (inductive and deductive coding, content analysis) and quantitative (word clouds, descriptive statistics and statistical testing). This systematic review will provide information about the conceptual framework that has been produced through research, policymaking, and conservation and development programs in the management of coastal areas. This study will identify the limitations of previous approaches and contribute to both future research and strategies for planning adaptation to climate change. Finally, the outputs will add to broader debates about people-nature coexistence and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Coastal areas in Guinea-Bissau and elsewhere in West Africa are bordered by mangrove forests. In several of these places, swaths of mangrove forest have been removed and the landscape has been ...technologically adapted for the production of mangrove rice-a regionally important staple. However, the effects of global warming, in particular sea-level rise, pose challenges to these socioecological environments. In this context, knowledge appears as an important resource and knowing what knowledge has been produced and which perspectives have guided that production may inform future responses to climate change. We have developed a systematic literature review protocol focusing on the main question: "How have mangrove forest and mangrove rice spaces been represented in the literature on Guinea-Bissau?" The main hypothesis is that although they occupy contiguous, interrelated and interactant spaces in coastal environments, mangrove forests and mangrove rice have been studied and analyzed independently in the literature. This is a protocol for conducting a systematic review that will include academic and non-academic literature in Portuguese, English and French. The academic literature will be retrieved from both Web of Science and Scopus using Boolean expressions. The non-academic literature will be accessed from relevant institutions, specialized libraries, and reference lists of previously selected items. Data extraction will follow a standard procedure based on an information sheet. Our analysis will be both qualitative (inductive and deductive coding, content analysis) and quantitative (word clouds, descriptive statistics and statistical testing). This systematic review will provide information about the conceptual framework that has been produced through research, policymaking, and conservation and development programs in the management of coastal areas. This study will identify the limitations of previous approaches and contribute to both future research and strategies for planning adaptation to climate change. Finally, the outputs will add to broader debates about people-nature coexistence and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The occurrence of stranded plastic marine debris along the Portuguese coastline was investigated. Number of items m−2 and size range of resin pellets were recorded, corresponding to 53% of total ...marine debris collected items. In addition, concentrations of adsorbed persistent bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals (PBTC) were determined, PAH – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PCB – polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT – dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Matosinhos (Mt) and Vieira de Leiria (VL) presented the highest number of items m−2 (362 and 332, respectively). Resin pellets with 4 mm diameter were the most abundant (50%). Contaminants concentration was variable. PAH concentrations recorded values between 53 and 44800 ng g−1, PCB ranged from 2 to 223 ng g−1 and DDT between 0.42 and 41 ng g−1. In general, aged and black pellets recorded higher concentrations for all contaminants. Matosinhos (Mt), Vieira de Leiria (VL) and Sines (Si), near industrial areas and port facilities, were the most contaminated beaches. Research efforts are needed to assess the points of entry of industrial plastic pellets in order to take action and minimize impacts on the ecosystems, in particular, points of transfer during transportation from plastic manufacturers to plastic converters should be identified and controlled so that virgin pellets are contained and will not enter rivers and be carried to the oceans where they can remain for a long time and travel great distances.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The European Union (EU) imports a large amount of natural gas, and the injection of renewable hydrogen (H2) into the natural gas systems could help decarbonize the sector. The new geopolitical and ...energy market situation demands urgent actions in the clean energy transition and energy independence from fossil fuels. This paper aims to investigate techno-economic analysis, barriers, and constraints in the EU policies/frameworks that affect natural gas decarbonization. First, the study examines the levelized cost of hydrogen production (LCOH). The LCOH is evaluated for blue and grey hydrogen, i.e., Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) natural gas as the feedstock, with and without carbon capture, and green hydrogen (three type electrolyzers with electricity from the grid, solar, and wind) for the years 2020, 2030, and 2050. Second, the study evaluates the current policies and framework based on a SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Weakness) analysis, which includes a PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) macro-economic factor assessment with a case study in Portugal. The results show that the cheapest production costs continue to be dominated by grey hydrogen (1.33 €/kg.H2) and blue hydrogen (1.68 €/kg.H2) in comparison to green hydrogen (4.65 €/kg.H2 and 3.54 €/kg.H2) from grid electricity and solar power in the PEM - Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for the year 2020, respectively. The costs are expected to decrease to 4.03 €/kg.H2 (grid-electricity) and 2.49 €/kg.H2 (solar – electricity) in 2030. The LCOH of the green grid-electricity and solar/wind-powered Alkaline Electrolyzer (ALK) and Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) are also expected to decrease in the time-span from 2020 to 2050. A sensitivity analysis shows that investments costs, electricity price, the efficiency of electrolyzers, and carbon tax (for SMR) could play a key role in reducing LCOH, thereby making the economic competitiveness of hydrogen production. The key barriers are costs, amendments in rules/regulations, institutions and market creation, public perception, provisions of incentives, and constraints in creating market demand.
•The study evaluates the levelized cost of hydrogen production (LCOH).•LCOH of green hydrogen expected to decrease in the time-span from 2030 to 2050.•Investment costs, efficiencies, fuel and electricity prices, and carbon tax are the key variables.•We identify barriers and constraints in the decarbonization of natural gas systems.•Rules/regulations, incentives, and restructuring of market/institution are required.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Peer education interventions have grown significantly in recent decades, but sociological studies on the subject are limited. To respond to this need, we carried out an exhaustive inventory and ...characterization of 67 peer education projects developed in Portugal. The information given by the project managers was processed using a content analysis technique. This practice is growing, benefiting from public and private promotion. Although it has demonstrated some efficacy, further improvements can be made. The characterization undertaken allowed us to build a typology that summarizes this practice and that can be useful for researchers and practitioners in a context of globalization of risks and increased social intervention and reflexivity.
Rural tourism is an important development strategy for some rural areas. Landscape is central to the visitor's tourism experience. While the literature suggests that some rural landscape features are ...likely to attract visitors, research on the impact of landscape on the rural tourism experience is rather limited, and often confined to studies supported by visual stimuli (e.g. photos), ignoring the impact of the direct contact of visitors with the territory. This study overcomes some of these limitations by assessing visitors' perceptions of the rural landscapes based on two villages in Portugal, while visitors were still in the villages. Vegetation type and colour, and built heritage, emerge as key experience elements for tourists, but they were followed by a complex group of largely non-visual stimuli, including sounds, smells, tastes, people contact, "nature" in its wider sense, and the past. The potential for sustainable tourism development based on this rich array of key elements is addressed, along with the need for action at all levels to bring together tourism and landscape management in an integrated way for marketing, product development and conservation purposes. Differences among groups of visitors are noted, suggesting that different groups of visitors require different approaches.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae) is widely cultivated in the Azores archipelago (Portugal) for landscaping and timber production, generating a huge amount of biomass ...residues. Among these, female cones (FC) emerge as a source of particularly valuable essential oils (EOs), namely, as promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. However, phytochemical research on C. japonica FC EOs remains scarce. This study evaluated the EO yields and chemical compositions of immature and mature FC (IFC and MFC) from the same batch of Azorean C. japonica. IFC and MFC EOs, obtained via hydrodistillation, presented different yields (0.72% vs. 1.12% w/w, dry weight), and their composition, determined via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, revealed that the monoterpenes class was dominant (51.84% vs. 69.13%), followed by the sesquiterpenes (36.44% vs. 26.28%) and diterpenes (10.96% vs. 3.03%) classes. However, the correspondent oxygen-containing terpenes classes were 1.5–2.0 times higher in IFC. Thus, the maturation process revealed an increase in EO yield and α-pinene content (19.5% vs. 41.3%) but a decrease in other important bioactive terpenes/terpenoids (terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate, elemol, γ-eudesmol, phyllocladene, and nezukol) content. In conclusion, IFC and MFC EOs, due to their unique composition, may have differential commercial applications and, consequently, contribute to increasing the commercial potential of C. japonica’s EO industry.
The potential of the supercritical antisolvent micronization (SAS) technique was evaluated for the production of CaO-based particles with a size and a physical structure that could enable high ...performance for COsub.2 capture through the calcium looping process. Two sources of calcium derivative compounds were tested, waste marble powder (WMP) and dolomite. The SAS micronization of the derivate calcium acetate was carried out at 60 °C, 200 bar, a 0.5 mL minsup.−1 flow rate of liquid solution, and 20 mg mLsup.−1 concentration of solute, producing, with a yield of more than 70%, needle-like particles. Moreover, since dolomite presents with a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonates, the influence of the magnesium fraction in the SAS micronization was also assessed. The micronized mixtures with lower magnesium content (higher calcium fraction) presented needle-like particles similar to WMP. On the other hand, for the higher magnesium fractions, the micronized material was similar to magnesium acetate micronization, presenting sphere-like particles. The use of the micronized material in the Ca-looping processes, considering 10 carbonation-calcination cycles under mild and realistic conditions, showed that under mild conditions, the micronized WMP improved CaO conversion. After 10 cycles the micronization, WMP presented a conversion 1.8 times greater than the unprocessed material. The micronized dolomite, under both mild and real conditions, maintained more stable conversion after 10 cycles.
Two distinct series of Variscan granitic rocks have been distinguished in the Gravanho-Gouveia area of Portugal, based on field work, variation diagrams for major and trace elements, rare earth ...patterns and δ18O versus total FeO diagram of rocks, anorthite content of plagioclase, BaO and P2O5 contents of feldspars and AlVI versus Fe2+ diagram for magmatic muscovite. One series consists of a late-orogenic porphyritic biotite > muscovite granite (G1), less evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites and more evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites showing gradational contacts. The other series consists of post-orogenic porphyritic muscovite > biotite granodiorite to granite (G2), slightly porphyritic muscovite > biotite granite (G3) and lepidolite pegmatites. In each series, pegmatites are derived from the parent granite magma by fractional crystallization of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite and ilmenite. Some metasomatic effects occur like muscovite replacing feldspars, chlorite in pegmatites of the first series and a late muscovite in pegmatites of the second series, probably due to hydrothermal fluids. The lepidolite pegmatites contain cassiterite and two generations of rutile. The first magmatic generation consists of homogeneous crystals and the second generation occurs as heterogeneous zoned crystals derived from hydrothermal fluids. The beryl-columbite pegmatites and lepidolite pegmatites also contain the first magmatic generation and the late hydrothermal generation of zoned columbite-group minerals. More evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites were converted into episyenite by intense hydrothermal alteration and regional circulation of fluids in the granitic rocks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In Citizenship Beyond Nationality, Luicy Pedroza considers immigrants who have settled in democracies and who live indistinguishably from citizens—working, paying taxes, making social contributions, ...and attending schools—yet lack the status, gained either through birthright or naturalization, that would give them full electoral rights. Referring to this population as denizens, Pedroza asks what happens to the idea of democracy when a substantial part of the resident population is unable to vote? Her aim is to understand how societies justify giving or denying electoral rights to denizens.Pedroza undertakes a comparative examination of the processes by which denizen enfranchisement reforms occur in democracies around the world in order to understand why and in what ways they differ. The first part of the book surveys a wide variety of reforms, demonstrating that they occur across polities that have diverse naturalization rules and proportions of denizens. The second part explores denizen enfranchisement reforms as a matter of politics, focusing on the ways in which proposals for reform were introduced, debated, decided, and reintroduced in two important cases: Germany and Portugal. Further comparing Germany and Portugal to long familiar cases, she reveals how denizen enfranchisement processes come to have a limited scope, or to even fail, and yet reignite. In the final part, Pedroza connects her theoretical and empirical arguments to larger debates on citizenship and migration. Citizenship Beyond Nationality argues that the success and type of denizen enfranchisement reforms rely on how the matter is debated by key political actors and demonstrates that, when framed ambitiously and in inclusive terms, these deliberations have the potential to redefine democratic citizenship not only as a status but as a matter of politics and policy.
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