Comfort Women and Sex in the Battle Zone is an exhaustive examination of the controversial issue of comfort women, who provided sexual services to Japanese soldiers before and during World War II. ...This book provides extensive documents and narratives by witnesses to shed light on the reality of these women who worked in the battle zone.
U ovom radu bavićemo se istorijom prvih ženskih pokreta koji su prethodili prvom talasu feminizma na anglosaksonskom području, te pokušajem njihove sistematizacije. Pri tome ćemo se kao primarnom ...literaturom koristiti knjigom Adriane Zaharijević iz 2010. godine naslova Postajanje ženom, koja sada postaje notorni priručnik za pregled osnovnih političko-istorijskih prilika u formiranju prvih ženskih pokreta na području Engleske i Amerike. Pored prostitucije i ropstva, kao glavnih pitanja koja su obilježila pro-feminističku borbu u drugoj polovini XIX vijeka, pomenućemo i teorijska odnosno praktična pitanja koja i danas, poslije i trećeg talasa feminizma, i dalje ostaju nerazriješena.
U ovome radu autori istražuju pravno uređenje prostitucije u gradu Osijeku krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća. Diljem Austro-Ugarske Monarhije prostitucija je bila legalna, ali je zbog moralnih, a ...prije svega zdravstvenih razloga, bila ograničena odredbama Kaznenog zakona iz 1852. godine. Te su odredbe bile općenite naravi, a reguliranje propisa vezanih za djelovanje bludilišta prepušteno je lokalnim (redarstvenim) vlastima. U glavnom dijelu rada, na temelju izvorne arhivske građe, autori detaljno analiziraju odredbe „Osnova pravilnika za nadziranje prostitucije u gradu Osijeku“ iz 1881. godine, odredbe „Pravilnika o uređenju i nadziranju prostitucije“ iz 1896. te izmjene koje je 1911. godine donio „Pravilnik za bludilišta u slob. i kr. gradu Osijeku“, odobren na temelju Naredbe Kr. zemaljske vlade, odjela za unutarnje poslove od 19. svibnja 1911. U fokusu analize navedeni su pravni propisi, a dodatno se analizira djelovanje prostitucije u gradu Osijeku sa sociolingvističkog stajališta na temelju oglasa objavljivanih u lokalnom tisku. Kao rezultat proučavanja izvorne arhivske građe, na kraju se zaključuje da je Osijek bio dio tadašnjih europskih strujanja u pogledu pravne regulacije prostitucije, ali je ta djelatnost i dalje smatrana društveno neprihvatljivom, što dokazuje sociolingvistička analiza oglasa objavljenih krajem 19. stoljeća u časopisima Slawonische Presse i Die Drau.
In this paper, the authors investigate the legal regulation of prostitution in the city of Osijek
at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The introductory section offers a brief
description of the multicultural urban environment of the city of Osijek and various aspects of
public life in the city in the historical period of research. Throughout the Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy, prostitution was legal, but due to moral and, above all, health reasons, it was limited
by the provisions of the Penal Code from 1852. These provisions were of a general nature, and
the specific regulation related to the operation of brothels was left to local (police) authorities.
Therefore, in the main part of the paper, based on the original archival materials available in the
State Archives of Osijek, the authors analyze in detail the provisions of the Basic Ordinance for
the Supervision of Prostitution in the City of Osijek of 1881 and amendments to these provisions
introduced by the Ordinance of 1896 and by the Ordinance for Brothels in the Free Royal City of
Osijek of 1911. In addition to the legal analysis of the aforementioned regulations, prostitution
in the city is analyzed from a sociolinguistic point of view based on advertisements published by
women in the local magazines entitled Slawonische Presse and Die Drau. As a result of the study
of the original archival materials, it is concluded that Osijek shared the European attitudes of that
time regarding the legal regulation of prostitution. Nevertheless, that profession was still considered
socially unacceptable, as confirmed by the sociolinguistic analysis of advertisements published by
the end of the 19th century in Slawonische Presse and Die Drau magazines.
Prikupljanjem i obradom službenih podataka Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova i Državnog zavoda za statistiku od 2009. do 2020. u odnosu na kaznena djela i prekršaje u vezi prostitucije došlo je do ...određenih saznanja koja upućuju na specifičnosti i trendove prostitucije u Republici Hrvatskoj (barem onog dijela koji nije u sferi tamne brojke, koja je prema nekim saznanjima u ovom području jako izražena). Kako je mnogo saznanja i zaključaka podudarno s onima iz istraživanja provedenog u sklopu doktorske disertacije autora, nerijetko se u radu na nju i usmjerava za više podataka. Analizom prikupljenih podataka identificirane su i opisane osobe koje čine kaznena djela i prekršaje u vezi prostitucije, osobe oštećene tim djelima, kao i njihova teritorijalna distribucija te druge relevantne specifičnosti fenomena prostitucije u Hrvatskoj.
Različite ideološke pozicije određuju modele, odnosno politike usmjerene prema reguliranju prostitucije, tj. prema osobama koje se prostitucijom bave, organiziraju prostituciju ili traže usluge u toj ...domeni društvenog života. U ovom radu prikazujemo stavove relevantnih stručnjaka/inja o politikama prostitucije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Rezultati rada temelje se na kvalitativnom istraživanju provedenom polustrukturiranim intervjuima na uzorku 15 stručnjaka/ inja iz različitih područja (ministarstava, vladinih ureda, neovisnih državnih tijela, saborskih odbora i civilnih udruga) u čijem je djelokrugu regulacije fenomen prostitucije ili s njim povezani problemi. Sugovornici/e prostituciju najčešće smještaju ili u diskurs nasilja i eksploatacije ili u diskurs seksualnog rada. Većina stručnjaka/inja zagovara promjenu modela regulacije prostitucije, a među najčešće spominjanim europskim modelima, na koje bi se hrvatski model mogao ugledati, su švedski model kriminalizacije klijenata, dekriminalizacijski model i model legalizacije. Primjetno je da se stručnjaci/kinje iz civilnog društva koji donose programe smanjenja štete i rade s osobama koje prodaju seksualne usluge češće opredjeljuju za liberalne modele reguliranja prostitucije. Svi stručnjaci/kinje ističu važnost donošenja politika koje bi bile usmjerene prema lakšem izlasku iz prostitucije.
Different ideological positions determine models or policies aimed at regulating prostitution, respectively persons who engage in prostitution, organize prostitution or seek services in that domain of social life. In this paper, we present the views of relevant experts on prostitution policies in the Republic of Croatia. The conclusions of the paper are based on a qualitative research conducted in semi-structured interviews on a sample of 15 experts from different fields (ministries, government offices, independent state bodies, parliamentary committees and civil society organizations) in whose scope of regulation is the phenomenon of prostitution or related problems. Interviewees most often place prostitution either in the discourse of violence and exploitation or sexual labor. Most experts advocate a change in the model of regulation of prostitution, and among the most frequently mentioned European models, which the Croatian model could be modeled on, are the Swedish model of criminalization of clients, the decriminalization model and the model of legalization. It is noticeable that civil society professionals who devise harm reduction programs and work with people who sell sexual services are more likely to opt for liberal models of regulating prostitution. All experts emphasize the importance of adopting policies that would make it easier to get out of prostitution.
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Based on the archival sources preserved at the State Archive in Zagreb, the paper discusses the conflicts between citizenry, city administration, and the owners of Zagreb’s brothels at the end of the ...19th century. In 1898, the city authorities decided to move all brothels in the city to one location, from the lower to the upper Kožarska Street. With industrialization, urbanization, and modernization, prostitution was becoming an increasingly widespread phenomenon in urban settings. Therefore, in Zagreb, as in other European cities, it was legally regulated by the reglementarist system, which means that brothels were allowed, but had to operate according to certain laws and regulation books, and were supervised by the local police. By moving all Zagreb brothels to a single location on the outskirts of the city, the city administration localized prostitution and facilitated police surveillance. But for the neighbours in the upper Kožarska, it was not the outskirts. The citizenry of the surrounding streets protested to protect their interests, primarily their families and properties, and out of concern for their reputation. The city administration did not respond positively to the citizens’ demands, but nevertheless decided to better regulate the work of brothels with the Prostitution Ordinance (1899). Between the two opposing parties, the citizens and the owners of brothels, the Zagreb administration gave preference to the brothels as a kind of legal economic activity. The reglementarist system defined brothels as a segment of city life and they were to be allowed to operate, at least on the outskirts.
Postojanje marginalnih društvenih skupina i pojava, posebice javnog bludništva u Dubrovniku 19. i 20. stoljeća, gotovo uopće nije bilo predmet sustavna povijesnog istraživanja. Određujući najprije ...zakonski okvir kojim se od 1854. do 1934. regulira bludništvo, autori prvo iznose povijesne crtice iz vremena do pojave dubrovačkih javnih bludilišta. Rekonstruirajući potom momente njihove svakodnevice, rad stavlja naglasak na javna bludilišta kao vid institucionaliziranog bludništva. Konačno, donosi se pregled tada postojećih manjih bludilišta i povijesna sudbina najveće i najpoznatije „vesele kuće” u Karmenu.
The existence of marginal social groups and phenomena, particularly public prostitution in Dubrovnik in the 19th and 20th centuries, was almost never the subject of systematic historical research. With the adoption of the new Penal Code on Crimes, Offenses and Misdemeanors in the Habsburg Monarchy in 1852, a new era of the regulation of prostitution began in Croatian regions, based on the principles of legal regulation. With it, prostitution came to be tolerated as a trade if certain legal conditions were met. This practice continued in the newly created South Slavic state until the adoption of the Act on the Suppression of Venereal Diseases, which abolished prostitution in the entire state in 1934, which until then had been allowed in two forms: the institution of a public brothel and individual publicly tolerated prostitution. Public brothels, as venues of mandatory regular health and police supervision, have appeared in Dubrovnik since the 1890s. The reasons for their opening were primarily related to the public health control of public brothels, primarily because of local people, especially young people whose infection with syphilis or another venereal disease was becoming both a public health and a moral issue. Nevertheless, it seems that the decisive reason for the approval of the municipal concessions for running a tolerated public brothel was the arrival of members of the Home Guard from the Dubrovnik and Kotor regions to the newly built Home Guard Barracks in Gruž. The municipal administration recognized this as a potential source of the spread of venereal diseases because the number of soldiers, as the most frequent customers, reached about 12% of the total population of Dubrovnik at the beginning of the 20th century. Sources record several smaller brothels in Dubrovnik with one to three prostitutes, who were reported to the police and health services and practiced their trade in private homes. On the other hand, Dubrovnik also had a public brothel in the full sense of the word. This business was run professionally, and in addition to offering rooms for accommodation and running the prostitution trade, it also offered waiting staff and an accompanying catering offering. This public brothel was opened in 1897 and operated until 1932, when it moved to a new location, operating until it closed in October of 1934. Observing the sequence of owners and managers throughout the thirty-six years of the brothel’s existence, it is evident that all of them were – Jews. After World War I, big cities like Zagreb, Belgrade or Sarajevo closed public brothels, allowing only publicly tolerated prostitutes. However, this was not the case in Dubrovnik, because the frequent arrivals of foreign navies and the increasing fluctuation of foreign and domestic visitors apparently did not allow the local authorities to finally close the brothel. After a series of unsuccessful attempts to find an alternative location, which were stopped mainly by citizens’ petitions, the municipality and the owners partially solved the problem by selling the house and moving the brothel to a nearby neighborhood. Ultimately, however, even this brothel was closed with the final ban on public prostitution when the regulation of prostitution of the Belle Époque was replaced by that of strict prohibition.
Rad se bavi životom prostitutki kao marginalizirane skupine u Zagrebu početkom 20. stoljeća i samim fenomenom prostitucije. Njihov život bio je reguliran zakonskim propisima; prvotno Bludilišnim ...pravilnikom iz 1899. godine, dok je drugi takav dokument bila Odredba kr. redarstvenog ravnateljstva od 24. rujna 1922. broj 11.027 o nadzoru nad prostitucijom na području grada Zagreba, kojom se život prostitutki u javnim kućama stubokom promijenio, pa su one sada bile izjednačene s uličnim prostitutkama. Najveća promjena u njihovu životu bilo je ukinuće prostitucije Zakonom o suzbijanju spolnih bolesti od 28. ožujka 1934. godine, čime su sve žene koje su se nastavile baviti prostitucijom spale u sferu ilegalne, tajne prostitucije. Tajna prostitucija postojala je i za vrijeme legalne prostitucije, ali je u ovome razdoblju dobila na zamahu. Osim s pomoću zakonskih regulativa, život prostitutki pokušao se prikazati i dnevnim tiskom te radovima njihovih suvremenika.
Kazneno je pravo područje gdje se sustav najizravnije susreće s pojedincem ne samo s aspekta optuženih već i s aspekta žrtve. Kako je cijeli proces usmjeren više na počinitelje nego na žrtve, potrebe ...i iskustvo žrtve mogu pritom ostati u drugom planu, a stereotipi i predrasude nezamijećeni. Tema je ovog članka stoga važnost kritički osviještenih narativa u pravosuđu s primjerom iz sudske prakse, ali i pravne norme, pri čemu se naglašava važnost edukacije i logičke argumentacije nasuprot kulturno uvjerljivim narativima u slučaju rodno uvjetovanog nasilja. Osobitu važnost ovdje valja dati analizi stereotipa i načina na koji suspendiraju kritičnost i logiku razmišljanja, stvarajući privid uvjerljivih zaključaka.
Criminal justice is a sphere where the system most directly impacts and involves an individual, as an accused or as a victim. As the process focuses more on the accused, there is the risk of not noticing cultural narratives and stereotypes that can take over the process without logical argumentation or explanation. Therefore, the subject of this article is the importance of a critical approach to narratives in the legal system with an example from court practice and a legal norm, to emphasise the importance of education and having a critical approach to cultural norms that can be implicit in the discussion and which can discriminate against the victim. The critical analysis of stereotypes in these narratives and the ways they prevent critical thinking, leading to the illusion of a plausible explanation of motives and events, cannot be overemphasised.
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Rad tematizira prostituciju u srednjem vijeku na temelju izvora o Johannesu Rykeneru. On je uhvaćen, odjeven kao žena, u spolnom odnosu s Johannesom Britbyjem u Londonu početkom prosinca 1394. ...godine. U radu je ukratko prikazana literatura koja se bavi poviješću seksualnosti, a središnji dio rada čini opis izvora i problematika u vezi s temom. Zaključno su iznesene određene mogućnosti pri istraživanju i popularizaciji ove teme.
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