In this article, we present a tool and a method for measuring the psychological and cultural distance between societies and creating a distance scale with any population as the point of comparison. ...Because psychological data are dominated by samples drawn from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) nations, and overwhelmingly, the United States, we focused on distance from the United States. We also present distance from China, the country with the largest population and second largest economy, which is a common cultural comparison. We applied the fixation index (FST), a meaningful statistic in evolutionary theory, to the World Values Survey of cultural beliefs and behaviors. As the extreme WEIRDness of the literature begins to dissolve, our tool will become more useful for designing, planning, and justifying a wide range of comparative psychological projects. Our code and accompanying online application allow for comparisons between any two countries. Analyses of regional diversity reveal the relative homogeneity of the United States. Cultural distance predicts various psychological outcomes.
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The paper confronts psychoanalytic dream theories with the findings of empirical dream research. It summarizes the discussion in psychoanalysis around the function of dreams (e.g. as the guardian of ...sleep), wish-fullfilment or compensation, whether there is a difference between latent and manifest content, etc. In empirical dream research some of these questions have been investigated and the results can provide clarifications for psychoanalytic theorizing. The paper provides an overview of empirical dream research and its findings, as well as of clinical dream research in psychoanalysis, which was mainly conducted in German-speaking countries. The results are used to discuss the major questions in psychoanalytic dream theories and points out some developments in contemporary approaches which have been influenced by these insights. As a conclusion the paper attempts to formulate a revised theory of dreaming and its functions, which combines psychoanalytic thinking with research.
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More than 100 years after Shakespeare's death, Lewis Theobald published Double Falsehood, a play supposedly sourced from a lost play by Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Since its release, scholars have ...attempted to determine its true authorship. Using new approaches to language and psychological analysis, we examined Double Falsehood and the works of Theobald, Shakespeare, and Fletcher. Specifically, we created a psychological signature from each author's language and statistically compared the features of each signature with those of Double Falsehood's signature. Multiple analytic approaches converged in suggesting that Double Falsehood's psychological style and content architecture predominantly resemble those of Shakespeare, showing some similarity with Fletcher's signature and only traces of Theobald's. Closer inspection revealed that Shakespeare's influence is most apparent early in the play, whereas Fletcher's is most apparent in later acts. Double Falsehood has a psychological signature consistent with that expected to be present in the long-lost play The History of Cardenio, cowritten by Shakespeare and Fletcher.
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Analysts seem spellbound by language when it comes to the word interpretation, a word so idealized and grand, so laden with fantasy, that the term itself continues to hold a magical sense that defies ...us to think about it. Called upon to do far too much explanatory work in psychoanalysis, it is accorded a variety of meanings. It is employed for varied uses, often simultaneously, making it hard to know what analysts mean when referring to “interpretation” and what uses they intend for it. Approaches to interpretation may be heuristically separated into those having to do with the content of the unconscious and those attempting to “use” interpretation in a manner still not divorced from content. What it means to attempt to interpret what is by definition uninterpretable is yet another area to be explored. Accordingly, issues of construction, co-construction, and transformation are examined. Every interpretation is at once a concealment, every inscription a negation, every representation a re-presentation of something unrepresentable. Despite this, the concept of interpretation, even if theoretically unsupportable in large measure, retains its clinical utility.
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Interpretation remains relevant in contemporary psychoanalysis and serves a crucial linking function between patient and analyst. Interpretation provides an important link with temporalities: the ...time of the analytic hour and the time of the patient’s history as it unfolds in the present. Analysis, it is argued, is bounded by time and loss. Two case vignettes, presented from a Kleinian perspective, exemplify these propositions.
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This work depicts clinical applications stemming from Dr Wilfred Ruprecht Bion's contributions to psychoanalysis. It may be used as a practical companion to The Language of Bion: A Dictionary of ...Concepts also by P.C. Sandler. Both constitute a natural arrangement of Bion's concepts; "natural" being the help the selected concepts may provide to any analyst who understands and uses the observations underlying the concepts effectively in his or her everyday clinical work. It also contains expansions of Bion's concepts arising out of clinical observations, made possible by those very contributions - a common-sense invariant in science. Universes of hitherto unknown - but existing - facts are observed, and through observation and application expanding universes are unlocked to consciousness (and therefore awareness). Some chapters will help the reader understand Bion's original concepts and apply them in clinical practice. Other chapters are more explicit and go beyond what was adumbrated or indicated by Bion, in the light of phenomena observed against the background of Bion's contributions. These chapters also indicate the intertwined nature of his contributions.
Dreams can be seen as a way of letting your mind wander while you're awake, an act of imagination that occurs during sleep, or a more or less chimerical imaginary representation of what you ardently ...hope for. In all three cases, it questions both our relationship with reality (what exists in itself) and with reality (what I perceive and understand of reality). From this point of view, dreams and madness are undeniably two experiences that radically question our access to reality.
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