Vdihavanje peloda vrst iz rodu Ambrosia lahko povzroči preobčutljivostne reakcije. Krma za prostoživeče ptice je eden od dejavnikov, ki pripomorejo k širjenju omenjenih rastlin. Leta 2010 so zato k ...Direktivi o nezaželenih snoveh v živalski krmi (2002/32/ES) dodali aneks, da lahko krma za živali, ki vsebuje nezmleta žita, vsebuje do 50 mg semen vrst iz rodu Ambrosia v kilogramu krme (UL L 290/54). Podatkov o vsebnosti semen te rastline v krmi je zelo malo, zato smo z mikroskopsko metodo preiskali 40 vzorcev krme za prostoživeče ptice. Semena ambrozije je vsebovalo 20 vzorcev oziroma 50 %. Ugotovljeno število semen v kilogramu posameznega vzorca je bilo od 2 do 146 (10 mg do 774 mg). V skladu s predpisi smo vsebnosti preračunali relativno na vzorec z 12 % vlage in ugotovili, da je dovoljeno mejo presegalo 5 vzorcev (12,5 %).
Gulls are a group of seabirds distributed worldwide that are an important reservoir of Salmonella spp. Salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans, and ...understanding the role wild birds have in spreading Salmonella can help to improve the health of humans and domestic animals. The mobility and migration capacity of gulls makes them an interesting group for research given their potential role in spreading pathogens. This paper presents the diversity and prevalence of Salmonella spp. in different gull species caught at a landfill in Zagreb in the winter months over a nine-year period from 2014-2022. In total, 1083 cloacal swabs were sampled from six gull species: Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), Yellow-legged Gull (L. michahellis), Caspian Gull (L. cachinnans), Common Gull (L. canus), Lesser Black-back Gull (L. fuscus) and Herring Gull (L. argentatus). The prevalence of Salmonella was 5.82%, and 16 Salmonella serotypes were identified; S. Typhimurium had the highest prevalence (47.62%) followed by S. Enteritidis (12.69%) and S. Infantis (9.52%). To date, 82 Salmonella serotypes have been isolated in research on gulls in Europe, with S. Typhimurium as the most common, followed by S. Agona and S. Enteritidis. In this study, we found three serotypes not previously reported in gulls, S. Yalding, S. Reading and one with the antigenic formula O:17; H:z10; H:e,n,x,z15 (IIIb).
Galebovi su skupina morskih ptica raširenih diljem svijeta koje su važan rezervoar Salmonella spp. Salmoneloza je druga najčešće prijavljena gastrointestinalna infekcija u ljudi i razumijevanje uloge koju divlje ptice imaju u širenju Salmonella spp. može pomoći u poboljšanju zdravlja ljudi i domaćih životinja. Mobilnost i migracijska sposobnost čini galebove vrlo zanimljivom skupinom za istraživanje zbog njihove potencijalne uloge u širenju patogena. Kroz ovaj rad prikazujemo raznolikost i prevalenciju Salmonella spp. kod nekoliko vrsta galebova ulovljenih na odlagalištu otpada tijekom zime u Zagrebu kroz devetogodišnje razdoblje, 2014.-2022. Ukupno je uzorkovano 1083 obrisaka kloake od šest vrsta galebova: riječni galeb (Larus ridibundus), galeb klaukavac (L. michahellis), pontski galeb (L. cachinnans), burni galeb (L. canus), tamnoleđi galeb (L. fuscus) i srebrnasti galeb (L. argentatus). Ukupna prevalencija Salmonella spp. je 5,82 % sa 16 identificiranih serotipova. S. Typhimurium ima najveću zastupljenost (47,62 %), zatim S. Enteritidis (12,69 %) i S. Infantis (9,52 %). Prema istraživanjima prisutnosti serotipova Salmonella spp. u galebova u Europi izolirana su njih 82, a najčešće dokazani je S. Typhimurium, zatim S. Agona i S. Enteritidis. Tijekom ovog istraživanja identificirana su tri serotipa koja ranije nisu izdvojena iz galebova S. Yalding i S. Reading te jedan iz podvrste S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (IIIb_O:17; H:z10; H:e,n,x,z15).
Danas su suvremene prometnice jedne od najvećih zagađivača čovjekova okoliša. Zagađenje bukom utječe i na zdravlje, što se manifestira fizičkim, fiziološkim i psihološkim učincima. Buka u gradskim ...sredinama nepovoljno utječe i na pojedine populacije gradskih životinja, prije svega ptica. U ovom radu se daje pregled stručne i znanstvene problematike koja je vezana za interakcije buke i gradskog zelenila s posebnim osvrtom na bioraznolikost. Veći naglasak je stavljen na problematiku primjene voćnih i ukrasnih vrsta na javnim gradskim zelenim površinama u cilju očuvanja ptičje raznolikosti. U cilju smanjenja buke od prometa najčešće se koriste različite zvučne barijere, a u zadnje vrijeme su u uporabi i zelene vertikalne zvučne barijere. One ujedno smanjuju buku i služe za smanjenje zagađenja zraka. Gradsko zelenilo ima niz pozitivnih učinaka na zdravlje i smanjenje buke. Vertikalni vrtovi također daju određeni nivo zvučne izolacije i akumulacije zvuka. Tako je npr. poznato da biljni pokrovi učinkovitije ublažuju zvukove viših frekvencija u odnosu na niže. Potom krovni vrtovi osim toplinske izolacije smanjuju intenzitet buke, a neke zemlje su ih zakonski uvjetovale. Postoje i određene specifičnosti biljnih vrsta na učinak smanjenja buke. Uz navedeno bitno je istaknuti da postoji niz načina sadnje odgovarajućeg bilja u cilju smanjenja buke, a još k tome ako je i autohtono utječemo i na očuvanje bioraznolikosti. Odabir prikladnih biljnih vrsta je jako važan za život ptica u gradu. U radu se prema primjeni bilja u prostoru navode specifične vrste prikladne za ptice. U provedbi očuvanja bioraznolikosti je vrlo važno informirati i educirati građane o predmetnoj problematici.
Today, modern roads are one of the biggest polluters in environment. Noise pollution affects human health manifesting itself in physical, physiological and psychological effects. In urban areas noise adversely affects populations of urban animals, primarily birds. This paper provides an overview of professional and scientific issues related to the interaction of noise and urban greenery with special reference to biodiversity. Greater emphasis is placed in using fruity and ornamental species in public city green areas in order to preserve bird diversity. In order to reduce noise from traffic, various sound barriers are built, and recently, green vertical sound barriers have also been in use. Green vertical sound barriers reduce noise and air pollution. City greenery has a number of positive effects on health and reducing noise. Vertical gardens also give a certain level of sound insulation and accumulation sound. For example, plant covers are known to mitigate higher frequency sounds more effectively. compared to lower. Roof gardens, in addition to thermal insulation, reduce noise intensity. There are also certain specifics that plant species have that has effect of reducing noise. It is important to note that there are a number of ways to plant suitable plants in order to reduce noise, and even if they are autonomus, we also affect the preservation of biodiversity. Choosing suitable plant species is very important for the life of birds in the city. in this paper specific species suitable for birds are listed. it is very important to inform and educate citizens about the issue of implementation biodiversity conservation.
Ovim radom želimo potaći istraživanja o ulozi drveća i cvijeća u religijama i religijskim tradicijama, te uloge životinja i ptica u religijskim tradicijama. U pripremi rada koristili smo se analizom ...sadržaja, ponajprije „svetih spisa“ (Bhagavad-gite, Biblije, Kur'ana i Talmuda). U uvodu ukazujemo na bavljenje prirodom religija davno prije nastanka ekoloških pokreta. Dovelo je to, u novije vrijeme, i do razvoja zasebne teološke discipline – ekološke teologije. Ni sociologija religije nije mogla izbjeći tematiku odnosa religije – priroda. Prvi dio rada odnosi se na temu koju ćemo rijetko naći u sociologiji religije ili u religiologiji – o drveću i cvijeću u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Pokušali smo „proći“ kroz povijest religijskih tradicija i naučavanja (od „starih“ religija, hinduizma, šintoizma, budizma, taoizma do židovstva, kršćanstva i islama) kako bismo ukazali na značaj drveća i cvijeća u religijskom životu čovjeka (drvo kao totem, uloga planina u religijskim tradicijama, drvo u obrednoj praksi…). Rečeno je i ponešto pojedinačno o drveću koje se najčešće spominje u mitologijama i religijskim tradicijama (badem, bagrem, hrast, jabuka, lipa, loza, maslina, palma, nar, smokva…). Kakva je uloga cvijeća u religijama i religijskim tradicijama (osobito u obrednoj praksi)? Izdvojili smo ono cvijeće koje najčešće spominju i pismeno analiziraju religijski autoriteti (ciklama, iris, lotos, ljiljan, ruža). Jednako nam je zanimljivo bilo istraživati ulogu životinja i ptica u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Još smo jednom analizirali kako se na njihovu ulogu gleda iz različitih religijskih perspektiva – od hinduizma, do židovstva, kršćanstva i islama. Osobito nas je zanimala uloga životinja u žrtvenim obredima unutar različitih religijskih tradicija; tradicija proricanja na osnovu dijela tijela neke životinje; izbjegavanje konzumiranja mesa zbog religijske tradicije, itd. Naveli smo i kratak osvrt na to kakvu simboliku pojedine životinje imaju u religijskim tradicijama (bik, deva, jarac, jelen, konj, kornjača, koza, krava, lav, lisica, mačka, magarac, ovca…). I ptice igraju određenu ulogu u religijskim tradicijama. Zanimalo nas je kakva je simbolika ptica u pojedinim religijskim tradicijama (feniks, golub, grlica, labud, orao, pijetao, roda, sova…). Zaključak je da drveće, cvijeće, životinje i ptice imaju svoju ulogu u religijama i religijskim tradicijama. Osobito njihova uloga dolazi do izražaja u religijskim obredima, najčešće kao obredno sredstvo.
Studies of the ornithofauna of the southern part of Velebit have been running continuously since 1984. Part of the data is collected by the observation of the birds in various parts of the Paklenica ...National Park, as well as in parts of southern Velebit, from Veliko Libinje to Tulove Grede, Prezid and Crnopac. The area of central Velebit was studied from Bačić Kosa to Alaginac and Bačić Kuk in 2003, and occasionally in 2011 and 2012. The area of northern Velebit was visited around Zavižan, the botanical garden, part of the Premužićeva trail to Rossijeva Koliba,Lomska Duliba and Štirovača during 1988 and occasionally from 2007-2011. Birds were recorded at times of nesting, spring and autumn migrations as well as in winter. To date 271 bird species have been noted on Velebit.165 species inhabit within the boundaries of the Paklenica National Park, 101 of which nest there. In the area of the Northern Velebit National Park 110 species have been noted. Today it can safely be said that 127 bird species nest on the Velebit mountain. This contribution contains a fulllist of the noted bird species, the category of endangerment, seasonal status, as well as an estimated number of nesting birds, i.e. migrations.
Conservation of the biodiversity of the forest ecosystems is becoming one of the priority issues in the forest management. Birds play an important role in the overall life of the forest ecosystem, ...for instance, as an important component of the trophic chains. Recent studies worldwide suggest decline in the population size and richness of the forest bird species, especially those nesting in the cavity of the forest trees. Special emphasis is placed on the secondary cavity nesters. In contrast to the primary cavity excavators, which are making a tree cavity by themselves, secondary cavity nesters for their nesting use cavities made by the primary cavity excavators or natural cavities formed by gradual wood decay process. In order to maintain bird diversity in the forests with a lack of nesting cavities, installation of the nestboxes is an important strategy in many countries. This applies mainly to young deciduous, coniferous stands, and monocultural plantations and areas afforested with exotic tree species. In this paper, occupation of the nestboxes in the young deciduous stands was investigated. According to some researchers, the colour of the nestbox and its height above the ground could be important factors of the nestbox occupation in some bird species. In this study, a total of 120 standard wooden nestboxes were used (60 green and 60 brown). Nestboxes were installed in pairs on a single tree, at a height of 4.0 to 4.5 m (“high” position) and 2.0 to 2.5 m (“low” position). On the first tree, the green nestbox was in the “high” position, on the next tree in the “low” position and so on. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of occupancy of the nestboxes with a respect to the colour and the position on the tree. Because of the intra- and interspecific competition, only one of the nestbox pair was inhabited. Of the total 60 nestbox pairs, 44 (73.3%) nestboxes were occupied; 35 (79, 5%) by a Great Tit (
Parus major
) and 9 (20.5%) by a Blue Tit (
Cyanistes caeruleus
). Great Tits occupied mainly “green” nestboxes (88.6%), with no significant differences in the height position of the chosen nestbox. In conclusion, the colour of the nestboxes is more important factor than the height position on the tree during the occupation of the nestboxes by a Great Tit.
U gospodarenju i upravljanju šumama sve se više nameće kao prioritetno pitanje očuvanje bioraznolikosti šumskih ekosustava. Ptice imaju značajnu ulogu u cjelokupnosti živoga svijeta šuma, primjerice, kao važna sastavnica hranidbenih lanaca. Recentna istraživanja diljem mnogih regija svijeta upućuju na pad populacija i bogatstva šumskih ptičjih vrsta, a to se posebice odnosi na ptice koje se gnijezde u dupljama šumskog drveća. Poseban je naglasak na sekundarnim dupljašicama. Za razliku od primarnih ptica dupljašica koje same dube šupljine u drvetu (deblu ili granama), sekundarne dupljašice za gniježđenje koriste duplje primarnih dupljašica ili duplje nastale prirodnim propadanjem drveta. Da bi se održala raznolikost ptičjeg svijeta u šumama bez dovoljno duplji za reprodukciju, u sve se više zemalja pristupa postavljanju umjetnih duplji (škrinjica). To se ponajviše odnosi na mlade bjelogorične, crnogorične i monokulturne sastojine te područja pošumljena egzotičnim vrstama. U ovome se radu analizira jedno takvo vješanje škrinjica u mladoj bjelogoričnoj šumi. Neka istraživanja sugeriraju da u nekih vrsta ptica u naseljavanju škrinjica određenu važnost ima obojenost te visina škrinjica iznad tla. U ovome istraživanju ukupno je postavljeno 120 standardnih drvenih škrinjica (60 zeleno obojenih i 60 smeđe obojenih) za veliku sjenicu (
Parus major
). Škrinjice su vješane u parovima na pojedino drvo, na visinu 4,0 – 4,5 m („visoko“ ) i 2,0 – 2,5 m („nisko“). Na prvom bi drvetu „zelena“ bila na poziciji „visoko“, na drugom drvetu na poziciji „nisko“ i tako redom. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi stupanj prihvaćanja škrinjice s obzirom na obojenost te poziciju na drvetu. Od 60 parova škrinjica naseljene su 44 (73,3%). Od para škrinjica na drvetu ptice bi naselile samo jednu zbog intra- i interspecijske kompeticije. Od 44 naseljene škrinjice velika sjenica naselila je 35 (79, 5%), a plavetna sjenica (
Cyanistes caeruleus
) devet (20,5%). Velika je sjenica najvećim dijelom naselila „zelene“ škrinjice (88,6%) dok s obzirom na poziciju škrinjica na drvetu nije bilo značajne razlike. Zaključno, tijekom naseljavanja škrinjica boja ima prednost u odnosu na poziciju škrinjice na drvetu.
Abstract
In the 11 years between 1999 and 2010, certain groups of birds inhabiting Kozjansko Regional Park underwent a moderate or large decline. Composite indices for indicator species of different ...habitat types showed an increase of generalist species (composite index 108.3), a moderate decline of forest species (composite index 76.6) and species of extensively managed orchards (composite index 76.4), and a large decline of farmland (composite index 62.8) and grassland species (composite index 8.7). Our study was based on a census using line transects with an inner and outer belt. Randomly distributed line transects with a total length of 60.8 km were surveyed using the same method both in 1999 and 2010. The decline of farmland species mirrors the population trend of this group at the national level. The study area is protected by multiple nature conservation mechanisms. It is protected as a regional park and partly as a Natura 2000 site. These mechanisms, however, do not seem to be functioning here. We believe the large decline of grassland species is a consequence of agricultural policy, which favours a decrease of extensively managed grasslands.
Since 1990, nature conservation NGOs are the main players in the running of nation-wide research and monitoring schemes for raptors in Bulgaria. Among them, the Bulgarian Society for the Protection ...of Birds (BSPB) and Green Balkans are most active, covering the most threatened diurnal raptors in the country. The key species covered by comprehensive monitoring schemes are the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Black Vulture Aegypius monachus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Red-footed Falcon F. vespertinus. Information on their distribution, numbers, breeding success, productivity, diet, movements etc. is gathered on annual basis. The Buzzard Buteo buteo and Kestrel F. tinnunculus are also regularly monitored at the national level by the Common Bird Monitoring scheme. Distribution of all raptor species has been studied for the purpose of the Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. The contemporary satellite telemetry methods revealed important aspects of movements and threats to eagles and vultures from Bulgaria within the country and abroad. Main threats for the raptors in Bulgaria are related to habitat loss, unnatural mortality and disturbance. The main gaps in raptor monitoring in Bulgaria are related to the lack of coverage of most of the diurnal species and owls. There is a strong national and international cooperation in conjunction with the work concerning Imperial Eagle, Egyptian and Griffon Vultures. However, further enhancement of cooperation on other raptor species and issues such as lobbying for implementation of raptor-friendly agricultural practices and enhancement of various economic sectors are needed
V prispevku obravnavam odnos do ptičev na severovzhodni Islandiji v kontekstih, ko se te živali vpenjajo v razumevanje časovnosti in sezonskosti krajine. Ptice selivke s svojimi letnimi migracijskimi ...potmi in postanki v času gnezdilne sezone sodoločajo družbeno percipiranje letnega cikla, pa tudi vremena in podnebnih značilnosti ter vplivajo na nekatere nabiralske prakse. Pri tem izpostavljam predvsem vidika ptic kot znanilk pomladi ter (prevladujoče slušnega) zaznavanja ptic v kontekstu sezonskih ritmov in časovno zaznamovanih krajin. V družbeno življenje na severovzhodni Islandiji pa so vpete tudi ptice, ki ostajajo vse leto. Dotaknem se tudi sezonsko intoniranih dinamik, ki vključujejo relacije med več živalskimi vrstami. Različne razsežnosti percipiranja večvrstnega okolja se neposredno povezujejo s posameznikovim odnosom do krajine, hkrati pa pokažejo, da medvrstne odnose soustvarjajo tudi krajinsko in sezonsko niansirana znanja in izkušnje.
Abstract
Agriculture has a great impact on biodiversity in Europe. Populations of farmland birds are declining due to both intensification and abandonment of agriculture. The purpose of this study ...was to determine the effects of overgrowing on the diversity of birds at Cerknica Polje. Six vegetation types were identified on eight survey plots (15.2-31.6 ha each): Short grass - regularly mown wet meadows; Tall herbs - stands of Common Reed Phragmites australis and Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea; Sparse bushes - stands of low woody plants; Dense bushes - dense stands of bushes; Meadows with trees - mown meadows with scattered trees; Bushes with trees - hedges, trees and dense stands of bushes. In total, 34 species were registered. The heterogeneity of vegetation types correlated positively with the heterogeneity of bird species. The highest density of breeding territories and species was established in Bushes with trees, the lowest in Short grass. No species were registered in all vegetation types, and only Tree Pipit was recorded in five out of six types. Twelve species were registered in only one vegetation type. Cerknica Polje is an important breeding locality for species with the highest breeding density at the national level (e.g. Corncrake Crex crex, Curlew Numenius arquata, Skylark Alauda arvensis, Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus). These species breed in specific habitats with different stages of succession. A managing plan for the area should therefore combine abandoned plots in different stages of succession and large regularly mown areas. Abandonment of agriculture at Cerknica Polje has led to the emergence of areas with bushes in different succession stages. Efforts should be directed at preserving large complexes of mown wet meadows.
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