Carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming. The Indonesian government has introduced a reduction in vehicle taxes based on the number of CO2 emissions, meaning that ...lower CO2 emissions result in lower tax rates. To measure the CO2 emissions, vehicle testing can be conducted on a chassis dynamometer using road load (R/L) parameters to assess the vehicle's loading during the test. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE) Regulation no. 101 (R101) provides predefined table values for testing, but vehicle manufacturers can also provide their own R/L values, known as actual R/L. In this study, the vehicle underwent two tests: one using the R/L values from the standard table R101 and another using the actual R/L values provided by the manufacturer through coast-down results. By employing the actual R/L values, CO2 emissions can be reduced by up to 7.3 %. This reduction is achieved by lowering the vehicle's load by up to 17 % to enable optimal vehicle performance. Additionally, there is a potential improvement in fuel economy of up to 7.9 % for vehicles. These findings can serve as a reference for establishing future standard testing procedures.
Derivations of Hilbert Algebras Iampan, Aiyared; Alayakkaniamuthu, R.; Gomathi Sundari, P. ...
International journal of analysis and applications,
05/2023, Volume:
21
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In this paper, we introduce the notions of (l, r)-derivations, (r, l)-derivations, and derivations of Hilbert algebras and investigate some related properties. In addition, we define two subsets for ...a derivation d of a Hilbert algebra X, Ker d(X) and Fix d(X), and we also take a look at some of their characteristics.
The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for the calculation of the R-L parameters of a model of a nonlinear hysteretic inductor. The methodology is based on the analysis of the ...instantaneous magnetising power calculated from the hysteresis loop of the inductor and is completely developed in the time domain. The instantaneous magnetising power is firstly separated into the oscillatory and absorbed components. Thereafter, the parameter R is calculated using the absorbed component and the parameter L using the oscillatory component. The methodology is validated through the comparison of the results for parameters R and L obtained with the proposed method and the existing method based on the Poynting theorem. The validation is demonstrated on the specific simulated cases with idealised parameters of a nonlinear circuit. Additionally, the paper presents results for the parameters R and L calculated from the hysteresis loops measured at frequencies from 1 to 300 Hz. Furthermore, the fitting functions representing the variation of these parameters with the rate of change of magnetic flux density, and the corresponding results, are presented in the paper. A discussion of all the results presented and applicability of the methodology proposed, as well as the concluding remarks, are given thereafter.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this article, the notion of interval-valued preinvex functions involving the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral is described. By applying this, some new refinements of the Hermite–Hadamard ...inequality for the fractional integral operator are presented. Some novel special cases of the presented results are discussed as well. Also, some examples are presented to validate our results. The established outcomes of our article may open another direction for different types of integral inequalities for fractional interval-valued functions, fuzzy interval-valued functions, and their associated optimization problems.
Topology for cascaded multilevel inverter Odeh, Charles Ikechukwu; Obe, Emeka S; Ojo, Olorunfemi
IET power electronics,
04/2016, Volume:
9, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This study presents a topology for cascaded multilevel inverter (MLI). Each module is made up of H- and half-bridges, two isolated equal dc sources and a bidirectional auxiliary circuit. One leg of ...the H-bridge and the half-bridge are cut and the corresponding terminals are connected to the both ends of an equal split dc source. The free ends of the half-bridge are connected together to form a common output node of the inverter. The auxiliary circuit is inserted between the midpoint of the split dc sources and this very output node. The output point of the uncut leg of the H-bridge forms the remaining output node. With this circuit arrangement, proper control of the switches in the bridges and the auxiliary circuit, in each cascaded cell, can produce nine output voltage levels. A comparison is made between the proposed inverter, classical CHB and some of the recent developed MLI topologies with respect to specified figure of merits, as well as the per unit power losses. For two cascaded modules, simulation and experimental verifications are carried out on the proposed inverter topology for an R-L load; adequate results are presented.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The new exact solutions of nonlinear fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) are established by adopting first integral method (FIM). The Riemann-Liouville (R-L) derivative and the local ...conformable derivative definitions are used to deal with the fractional order derivatives. The proposed method is applied to get exact solutions for space-time fractional modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (mBBM) equation and coupled time-fractional Boussinesq-Burgers equation. The suggested technique is easily applicable and effectual which can be implemented successfully to obtain the solutions for different types of nonlinear FPDEs.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study introduces a MIMO antenna system incorporating an epsilon negative Meta Surface (MS). The system’s architects intended for it to have a large usable frequency range, high gain, narrow ...inter-component spacing, and superior isolation properties with four elements of MIMO antenna that are strategically organized in an orthogonal arrangement and a compact form factor measuring 41 × 41 × 1.6 mm3, utilizing a low-loss Rogers RT5880 substrate. The architecture of the antenna is characterized by integrating a multi-slotted radiating patch, a partial ground plane, and an epsilon-negative Meta Surface. This integration is done by a 7 × 7 Metamaterial array at the back of the MIMO antenna with a dimension of 41 × 41 × 1.6 mm3, resulting in a collective enhancement of the antenna’s overall performance by affecting the phase, amplitude, electromagnetic field and reducing the backward radiation. The separation between the Meta-surface and the MIMO antenna is established at a distance of 6 mm. The antenna’s exceptional super wideband performance is increased from 2–19 GHz to 1.9–20 GHz after using the MS. Moreover, isolation increases from 20 dB to 25.5 dB, Realized gain from 4.5 dBi to 8 dBi, and radiation efficiency from 77% to 89% across the operational bandwidth. The MIMO antenna exhibits remarkable diversity characteristics, as indicated by an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of <0.004, a diversity gain (DG) surpassing 9.98 dB, a channel capacity loss (CCL) below 0.3, and a total active reflection coefficient (TARC) measuring 12 dB. Furthermore, a circuit analogous to a resistor–inductor–capacitor (RLC) system is constructed, and four regression methods from the field of machine learning are employed to validate the gain and efficiency achieved. Notably, the linear regression model exhibits exceptional performance, achieving an accuracy of 99%. The MIMO antenna design demonstrates significant potential for many applications in the Internet of Things (IoT), specifically focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. These highlight its appropriateness for emerging IoT sectors.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
In this paper, we make use of a new multiplication of fractional functions, variable separation method and chain rule for fractional derivatives, regarding the Jumarie type of modified ...Riemann-Liouville (R-L) fractional derivatives to solve two types of second order fractional differential equations. Moreover, some examples are proposed to illustrate our results.
The variation of the electrical distance and the complexity of the electric network lead to the variations of feeder impedances between distributed generation units and load points. It is determined ...that conventional droop control has drawbacks in achieving accurate power sharing due to the effects of mismatched impedance. Therefore, this study proposes an enhanced proportional power sharing strategy based on adaptive virtual impedance in a low-voltage networked microgrid. The improved R–L type droop control can effectively prevent the coupling between real and reactive powers. Furthermore, an adaptive virtual impedance loop is introduced to counteract the feeder voltage drop. The method utilises real and reactive power mismatching which were fed into integral controllers, and then generates the virtual inductive and resistive components, respectively. This proposed strategy is able to enhance power sharing accuracy without requiring the knowledge of feeder impedance, and it is more adaptive to the complex impedance. The simulation experiments carried out under the environment of MATLAB/Simulink, and results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
