Islamist Exegesis of Q 3:110 Brannon Wheeler
American journal of Islam & society (Online),
11/2020, Volume:
37, Issue:
3-4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Is there an Islamic version of the UN doctrine of the "Responsibility to Protect"? Are Muslims obligated to defend their own community, and to save the rest of the world from tyranny and oppression? ...The UN doctrine commits member states to protect people from certain types of harm, and specifically includes protecting populations from their own governments. If a comparable Islamic doctrine exists, it is especially ironic that the UN doctrine is so frequently applied to Muslim majority countries in the Middle East. This irony allows for a new perspective on the continuing conceptual and physical conflicts between western powers and states in the Middle East.
In 2005, more than 150 heads of State and government pledged that the world must never witness another Rwanda. They accepted the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) both their own populations, and those ...of other States from atrocity crimes. Yet, in late August 2017, thousands of Rohingya had to flee from the alleged genocide taking place in their home, northern Rakhine in Myanmar. The international community, equipped with a toolbox developed and refined over the past 12 years, does nothing more than politely asking Myanmar to stop. This begs the question: to what extent can the Responsibility to Protect doctrine be used to save the Rohingya from atrocities committed against them? This article explores the potential application of the R2P in the context of Myanmar by exploring the root causes of the alleged genocide, the legal status of the R2P and various options open to the international community to protect the Rohingya. The case is made that applying the R2P – in its current shape and form – would be in the best interest of the Rohingya. After all, the international community cannot stand by in the wake of another mass atrocity.
Trwająca od 24.02.2022 agresja Rosji na Ukrainę stanowi odzwierciedlenie nara- stających antagonizmów pomiędzy cywilizacjami, będąc w efekcie testem dla sojuszu Europy z Ameryką (w łonie cywilizacji ...Atlantyku) oraz sprawdzianem wiarygodności więzi łączących Rosję, Chiny i Indie (w łonie cywilizacji Pacyfiku). „Akcja specjalna” prowadzona przez Rosjan na terenie Ukrainy podszyta jest mani- pulacją i stanowi nadużycie doktryny R2P. Próba unicestwienia narodu ukraińskie- go poprzez niszczenie ukraińskiej infrastruktury krytycznej, powiązanej z infra- strukturą europejską uzmysławia, że dla trwającego konfliktu nieuniknione jest zaangażowanie krajów NATO. Na tle tych wydarzeń rodzi się nowe prawo pod- miotowe – prawo do bezpiecznej infrastruktury krytycznej, pozwalające na ciągłość działania zarówno państw, jak i społeczeństw. Po zakończeniu działań wojennych potrzebne będzie ustalenie odszkodowań wojennych oraz ukształtowanie nowej świadomości narodu ukraińskiego. Na tle tych rozważań pojawia się również pytanie, kiedy i jak zakończy się agresja Rosji na terytorium Ukrainy. Na pierwsze z pytań autorzy z oczywistych względów nie dają odpowiedzi, na drugie z kolei starają się odpowiedzieć w oparciu o wizję przyszłego nowego porządku świata
Sovereignty, concerning state authority, endows the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) the rights of citizens. This redefined and broadened scope of sovereignty is ascribed to the international norm of ...the R2P. The pioneering assertions of R2P were conceptualized by the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in ‘Two Concepts of Sovereignty’ after NATO intervened in Kosovo (1999). During a humanitarian crisis, the more serious concern lies in the unchecked systematic violations of human rights rather than the question of the legitimacy and legality of intervention by the international community. In the 2005 World Summit, Sovereignty was redefined as an R2P by the state against atrocious violations of human rights. In case of failure of the host state, the international community could intervene through the Security Council. This paper will implicitly consider the normative contours of the R2P framework while assessing the current multifaceted humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan. The post-war humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan is characterized by poverty and internal displacement. Additionally, human security concerns arise from the inter-group rivalry between the Islamic State Khorasan (ISK) and the Taliban, accompanied by human rights violations against women and ethnic minorities under the Taliban regime. Aligning with the first pillar, the responsibility to protect Afghan citizens rests with the Taliban as the sovereign authority of the state. However, internalizing the principles of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) can pave the way for prospective peace in Afghanistan.
In this article, the concept of “responsibility to protect” is considered as one of the aspects of legal globalization. According to this concept, sovereignty is not a right and not a privilege, but ...an obligation of the state, and if the state is unable to ensure its sovereignty, the international community has the right to intervene in the current situation. Such an approach completely changes the traditionally established ideas about the subject of state sovereignty, since the very possibility of other states interfering in the affairs of another state is a violation of the principle of sovereignty in its generally accepted understanding.
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•Catalyst- and additive-free synthesis of 2H-chromen-4-yl phosphinates/phosphonates.•This reaction was achieved by cascade phosphorylation/cyclization of propargylic alcohols and ...R2P(O)OH.•This approach can be enlarged to gram scale.•R2P(O)OH acts not only as acid-promoter to initiate the reaction, and also as the phosphinate source.
A novel, catalyst- and additive-free cascade phosphorylation/cyclization of readily available 2-propynolphenols with R2P(O)OH (R = aryl, OPh, OBn) was developed for the construction of 2H-chromen-4-yl phosphinates/phosphonates and water as the only byproduct under mild conditions. The reaction was achieved by using R2P(O)OH as acid-promoter, but also as the phosphinate source with the formation of phosphorylation allene intermediate, and followed by 6-endo-trig pathway. Additionally, this approach avoided the use of hazardous, air sensitive or activation reagents, and performed well with good functional group tolerance and satisfied yields.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The norms of humanitarian intervention have gained notoriety after historical events of mass atrocities against civilians. In this context, the principle of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) emerged in ...2001. Its tipping point was given through Resolution No. 1973 in 2011 - issued by the UN Security Council - which resulted in the intervention in Libya. In response to the excesses and failures that occurred during the implementation of the resolution, Brazil, in an initiative as a normative entrepreneur, proposed Responsibility while Protecting (RwP). In this sense, the present work aims to identify how this RwP normative proposal fits into the vast panorama of the evolution of the norms of humanitarian intervention, that is, in the international political and normative environment. RwP is an example of a normative attempt immersed in the international scope of the rules on the use of force, emphasizing its propositional character. Hence, from an analysis of the content of the speeches involved in the context of its creation, and considering the great debate about new or modified standards by countries in the world periphery, it was found that RwP was a contestative normative initiative of the Global South, complementary to humanitarian action.
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