Rabies vaccination is mandatory in dogs in Thailand. In this study, shelter management quality and rabies immune status were evaluated by questionnaire and rabies virus neutralising antibody (RVNA) ...measurement. The questionnaire was designed to assess all relevant factors of shelter management, which could impact the rabies vaccine antibody response. Thirteen participating shelters were classified into 4 groups, namely group A (best), B (good), C (fair), and D (require improvement). Sera were collected from randomly selected dogs (n = 113) within 4 weeks after rabies re-vaccination from a representative shelter of group B, C and D. Sample from group A was not included in the study due to time limitation. Both the number of dogs with acceptable response (RVNA ≥ 0.5 IU/ml) and the RVNA titres were significantly higher in group B than group C and D. Our results indicate that the quality of shelter management could affect rabies immune status.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•This study supports the choice of the parameters used to discriminate adjuvants.•This study supports the approach which uses a multivariate analysis.•SPA09 is identified as a promising adjuvant.
In ...a previous study, we proposed as an alternative to the use of animals in infectious challenge studies, a new approach describing the vaccine-induced immune response through the multivariate analysis of a defined set of immune parameters characterizing the B and T immune responses. This multivariate analysis, i.e. immune fingerprint, was evaluated first to assess the impact of minor changes in well characterized vaccines. The approach showed promising results in the assessment of the compatibility between two licensed vaccines.
In the present study, the immune fingerprint was used to compare adjuvants with the various immunological parameters of the immune fingerprint as well as to assess the ability of this approach to discriminate different Rabies vaccine formulations in dogs. RABISIN® was the reference vaccine, adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide. An exploratory factor analysis was used to analyse the covariance structure of the immunological data. Significant differences were observed between groups. RABISIN and a linear polyacrylate (SPA09) adjuvanted vaccine performed better than chitosan adjuvanted ones, both for humoral and cell immune responses.
This study showed that the immune fingerprint approach can be used to screen vaccine formulations. It provides additional information compared to classical vaccination and infectious challenge efficacy study.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The core element of the reindeer rabies eradication strategy is regular application of vaccines to obtain and uphold a vaccination coverage sufficient for the ceasing of rabies virus transmission. ...This article presents the results of reindeer humoral immunity intensity and duration study after the immunization with two form of inactivated rabies vaccines (adjuvanted liquid vaccine and non-adjuvanted lyophilized vaccine) based on the Shchelkovo-51 rabies virus strain. Efficiency of post-vaccine immunity was assessed by measuring the animal blood serum virus-neutralizing antibody level in a neutralization test. The study determined the efficient rabies vaccine injection dose as equal to 3 ml. A single dose of 3 ml of these vaccines induced stable production of specific neutralizing antibodies in reindeer as early as 7 day after administration, and by 30 days after immunization, it significantly exceeded the minimal threshold level accepted by OIE. Two doses of vaccines administration with an interval of 30 days are required to achieve a strong immunity with the rabies-specific virus-neutralizing antibody titer of more than 0.5 IU/ml for at least 2 years. Our data do not support the benefit of an adjuvanted vaccine for the prevention of rabies in reindeer.
Each year, approximately 55,000 individuals worldwide die from an infection due to the rabies virus. Rabies is a life‐threatening disease caused by an RNA virus that is usually transmitted to humans ...through bites from rabid animals. More recently, reports of transmission by means of organ transplantation have been reported. Since human rabies is nearly 100% fatal if prophylactic measures are not followed, an increased awareness of who should receive prophylaxis and when prophylaxis should be administered is necessary. Preexposure prophylaxis entails the administration of the rabies vaccine to individuals at high risk for exposure to rabies viruses (e.g., laboratory workers who handle infected specimens, diagnosticians, veterinarians, animal control workers, rabies researchers, cave explorers). Preexposure prophylaxis involves a three‐dose series of the rabies vaccine that may confer some protection from the virus while simplifying postexposure prophylaxis regimens. Postexposure prophylaxis consists of a multimodal approach to decrease an individual's likelihood of developing clinical rabies after a possible exposure to the virus. Regimens depend on the vaccination status of the victim and involve a combination of wound cleansing, administration of the rabies vaccine, and administration of human rabies immune globulin. If used in a timely and accurate fashion, postexposure prophylaxis is nearly 100% effective. Once clinical manifestations of rabies have developed, however, treatment options for rabies are limited, and to date, only seven individuals have survived rabies virus infection. Treatment of clinical rabies consists of medical support in an intensive care unit, using a multifaceted approach that includes supportive care, heavy sedation, analgesics, anticonvulsants, and antivirals. The recently developed Milwaukee Protocol added induction of therapeutic coma to supportive care measures and antivirals; however, its use has shown inconsistent outcomes.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights ► An adenovirus expressing rabies glycoprotein (AdRG1.3) was evaluated for control rabies in wildlife. ► The study describes the successful scale-up of AdRG1.3 production up to 500 L. ► ...Over 17,000 L of AdRG1.3 adenovirus cultures were manufactured for extensive field trials. ► Field trial results over the period 2006–2009 demonstrated superiority of the new vaccine.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Henoch Schönlein purpura (HSP) following vaccine administration has been described in case reports and in a small number of observational studies. We herein reported a case of HSP occurring in an ...otherwise healthy 37-year-old male after immunization with lyophilized purified vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV). After the anti-allergy therapy with hormone, the purpuric lesions gradually disappeared. After evaluating, another PVRV with different dose (0.5 ml), strains, excipient and without residues was chosen for the new anti-rabies immunization program, and the patient has had no recurrence of allergic symptoms. Although significant lower than the levels of normal 20-50 year population at day 21, the neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers of this boy showed adequate protective antibody (3.23 vs 7.15 IU/ml). This case report emphasizes the importance that clinicians should be aware of HSP as a potential adverse event associated with PVRV vaccination. And adverse events (AEs) after immunization should be carefully treated, changing immunization program in time is necessary. While enrolling a new anti-rabies immunization program, the properties of different rabies vaccines taking with special emphasis on strains, excipient and residues is imperative before vaccination so that an appropriate immune program can be managed to be initiated.
Vaccination is the most feasible way of preventing rabies, an ancient zoonosis that remains a major public health concern globally. However, administration of inactivated rabies vaccination without ...adjuvants is always inefficient and necessitates four to five injections. In the current study, we explored the adjuvant characteristics of cordycepin, a major bioactive component of Cordyceps militaris, to boost immune responses against a commercially available rabies vaccine. We found that cordycepin could stimulate stronger phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). For animal experiments, mice were immunized 3 times with rabies vaccine in the presence or absence of cordycepin at 1-week interval. Analysis of T cell differentiation and serum antibody isotypes showed that humoral immunity was dominant with a Th2 biased immune response. These results were also supported by the raised ratio of follicular helper T cells (TFH) and germinal center B cells (GCB). Thus, titer of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNAb) and rabies virus-specific memory B cells were both raised as a result. Furthermore, administration of cordycepin did not cause pathological phenomena or body weight loss. The findings indicate that cordycepin could be used as a promising adjuvant for rabies vaccines to get a higher range of protection without any side effects.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Rabies is considered one of the most harmful viral infections of warm-blooded animals still. Thousands of people are infected with it each year worldwide. It is a fatal disease unless early treatment ...is received before the appearance of symptoms. About, 24,000 people die due to rabies in Africa each year and the infection is mainly transmitted by dogs. Fortunately, it could be prevented through vaccination. The importance of vaccination comes from that t is the only way to limit disease mortality levels, also the same vaccine is used for pre & post-exposure to rabies, therefore, high-quality control must be applied to it to ensure its safety, efficacy, and potency. A potency test is an important tool for experiencing the actual relative strength of manufactured assembly lots of vaccines. Because of the high variability of biological products, a potency is an effective tool that assures the lot-to-lot consistency of commercial vaccines. In this review, we aimed to discuss the rabies virus and its structure, different vaccine preparations, quality control of vaccines, different methods used in potency tests for rabies vaccine preparations including in vivo and invitro methods. In conclusion, without good quality control, we couldn’t ensure consistency in vaccine manufacturing, and without replacement of old methods depending on animals, we couldn’t go with global approaches of refinement, reduction, and replacement of animals in quality control tests especially the potency test.
The authors verified the possibility of antioxidative protection of squalene adjuvant emulsions by the antioxidants α-tocopherol and β-carotene. They determined the influence of β-carotene on the ...stability and antigenic effectiveness of adjuvant emulsion in combination with rabies vaccine. The composition of the adjuvant emulsions or vaccines was: 2.5% squalene; 6% detergents; 0.5% antioxidant; 91% water phase. The oxidative injury after UV-irradiation was followed by the detection of the peroxide value of the emulsions. The stability of the emulsions was evaluated by the determination of the emulsion’s particle size. The level of rabies antibodies (RAB) in mice sera until day 90 after vaccination, was determined by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. In the in vitro system of squalene adjuvant, α-tocopherol acted as a prooxidant, while β-carotene effectively reduced the oxidative injury. The homogenization of the squalene adjuvant during a prolonged period from 8 to 10 min did not change the particle size. The oxidation processes were efficiently reduced by β-carotene during the preparation process and also during the 70-d storage. The vaccine with β-carotene induced a gradual increase in the RAB levels with the highest value on day 28. While the inactivated rabies vaccine with adjuvant without β-carotene developed a rapid formation of RAB, the application of the vaccine with β-carotene induced a slower but more uniform production of RAB. The level of RAB was significantly higher after the application of the vaccine with β-carotene and reached the protective value of 0.5 IU/mL, in contrast to the vaccine without β-carotene.
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