While surveillance as a mechanism of political control was a common prac-tice of states even before the First World War, the introduction of the Political Departments to the Red Army in 1918–1920 ...was a completely new historical-military phenomenon. Surveillance reports submitted by the commissars of the political departments had to provide an overview of the attitudes of soldiers, progress in political education, and the condition of various military aspects, such as the supply of uniforms. Next to nothing is known about surveillance reports compiled by these institutions in national units of the Red Army. This paper summarizes the instructions for compiling surveillance reports, their implementation, and what was actually reported by the Political Departments of Estonian and Latvian national units of the Red Army.
The article focuses on the Manchurian strategic offensive operation of the Red Army against the Japanese troops in Northeast China in August 1945. Its relevance is due to the fact that, over the past ...decade, researchers have gained access to documents from Russian and Japanese archives that allow a detailed assessment of the nature of actions of both sides. At the initiative of the Imperial Supreme Headquarters, the main command of the Kwantung Army in September 1944 adopted a new operational plan of military operations against the USSR, which, unlike the previous ones, was defensive in nature. Upon detecting in March – April 1945 the movement of Soviet troops to the Far East, Transbaikalia, and the MPR, in May, the Kwantung Army began preparations to repel the expected offensive of the Red Army. The intelligence agencies of Japan were able to accurately determine the operational plan of the Soviet command to conduct the Manchurian offensive operation and the number of forces allocated to this, but they were wrong by a month with the timing of the likely offensive of the Red Army. Despite problems with supplying the troops with equipment, primarily with weapons and armored vehicles, the Kwantung army, due to the mobilization of Japanese reservists living in Manchuria and the replenishment of troops with units and formations from Northern China and Korea, faced the offensive of Soviet troops from three directions in an organized manner. During the fierce fighting, the Japanese troops maintained stable control and, adhering to the pre-war plan, retreated to the previously prepared defense lines. Until the top command of the Kwantung Army ordered its subordinate units to cease hostilities on August 16, 1945, the troops generally retained their combat capability. In this regard, further in-depth research of the strengths and weaknesses of the Manchurian strategic offensive operation is required to use its experience in military pedagogical and historiographical practice.
Background. In general, the work of medical institutions during the Great Patriotic War is quite well studied. However, considering medical provision on a national scale or in the Red Army, the ...activities of medical institutions in a particular region or area, the difficulties faced by medical institutions, often remain not fully disclosed. The purpose of the work is to consider the difficulties of formation, as well as the activities of Penza evacuation hospitals, their contribution to the victory in the Great Patriotic War. Materials and methods. The research is based on archival documents and materials that reveal the work of evacuation hospitals in the Penza region during the Great Patriotic War. In the course of writing the work, the basic research methods were used-dialectical, the method of historicism, objectivity, and consistency, which made it possible to organize and structure the material taking into account military issues. To determine the degree of reliability and representativeness of the documentary material, the method of critical analysis of historical sources was used. Results. The features of the formation of Penza evacuation hospitals are considered, the indicators of their medical activity are introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. Despite the objective and subjective difficulties, evacuation hospitals were formed in Penza region, which performed their task with high efficiency – to cure the wounded and sick, and to return them to service as quickly as possible, thereby making a great contribution to the victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany.
The article deals with the issue of the scale of repression in the central military and naval intelligence agencies of the People's Commissariat of Defense (hereinafter - NCO) and the People's ...Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR (hereinafter - NKVMF). The relevance of the study is due to the need to establish the exact number of repressed intelligence officers of both People's commissariats; the need to substantiate the accusations often made by domestic and foreign historians against the leadership of the USSR in the repression of the "best representatives" of military intelligence; establishing the degree of influence of repression on the effectiveness of the work of intelligence agencies. Until now, the study of repression in the Armed Forces of the USSR has been limited only to general work, the study of repression in individual military districts (for example, the Trans–Baikal Military District), in the types and branches of the armed forces (Navy, cavalry), as well as in individual formations and military schools. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that until now the issue of repression and its consequences in the central intelligence agencies of the Red Army and the Red Army has not been studied. In their work, the authors used the method of historiographical analysis. Taking into account the peculiarities and difficulties in access to hitherto closed materials on military intelligence personnel, the main source base of the study was the so-called "Memory Books" of all those shot in Moscow in the 1919-1940s, prospects for further search work on this topic are outlined.
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the problems related to the behavior of the Soviet Army (Red Army) on the territory of the Moldavian SSR in the years 1944-1950. From an existential ...point of view, the appearance in 1944 of the Red Army on the territory of Moldova represented the third occupation of Bessarabia, in the series of conquests from 1812, 1940 and 1944. Based on some original documentary material taken from the archives of the Republic of Moldova, the author, on concrete examples, demonstrates the character of occupation, and not liberation, of the Red Army (Soviet Army), during the researched period. The character of occupation was manifested by multiple thefts, robberies, murders and other acts of a criminal nature committed by soldiers and officers of the Red Army against the local population. All the military structures of the USSR were involved in these acts - the army, security units and units of the Ministry of the Interior. Significant are the official statistical data, incomplete and incomplete, presented by the author, which confirm the respective conclusions, from which it appears that that during the period of 1944-1950, the units and soldiers of the USSR armed forces annually committed around 600 crimes per year on the territory of the SSR, a fact that once again demonstrates its character of occupation.
The article described a little-studied aspect of Soviet military construction in Siberia at the final stage of the Civil War in Russia — the creation and the first months of the activity of the ...Siberian Directorate of Military Educational Institutions of the Red Army. The source base of the study is unpublished materials of the office work of Siberian Revolutionary Committee, the Omsk press and memoirs. The theoretical basis of the study is a combination of anthropological and systemic approaches, problem-chronological, comparative-historical and biographical methods. The author comes to the conclusion about the key role of the Soviet military leaders M. N. Tukhachevsky and N. I. Koritsky in the formation of a network of military schools in Siberia, and the influence of the Siberian Directorate of Military Educational Institutions on the development of military education in the region and the cultural level of the local population.
Basmacı hareketinin doğuşuna zemin hazırlayan gelişme, Geçici Hükümet döneminde teşkil edilen Hokand Muhtar Hükümeti’nin, 1918 yılında ortadan kaldırılması oldu. 1918 yılında hareket Fergana’ya da ...yayıldı. Bunu, Hive ve Buhara izledi. Basmacı gruplar, ayrı bölgelerde teşkil edilmiş birliklerdi. Her liderin kontrolü altında ayrı bir bölge bulunuyordu. Basmacı hareketin amacı, Türkistan’ı Sovyet hakimiyetinden kurtarmaktı. Hareket, 1921 yılında Enver Paşa’nın liderliğinde büyük bir ivme kazandı. Enver Paşa’nın 1922 yılında öldürülmesiyle Basmacı hareket sona ermedi ancak, ilk yıllardaki üstünlüğünü yitirdi. 1926 yılında Lakay boyu lideri İbrahim Bek idaresinde Basmacı harekette yeniden bir canlanma meydana geldi. Fakat bu direniş de 1931 yılı Haziran’ında sonlandırıldı ve İbrahim Bek tutuklandı. Türkiye’de Basmacı hareketini ele alan çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmalarda Basmacı terimine, hareketin nasıl doğduğuna ve geliştiğine, hareketin başarısızlıkla sonuçlanma nedenlerine ve Sovyet iktidarının bu mücadelede kullandığı taktiklere yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ise, Rusya Devlet Askeri Arşivi’ndeki (РГBА/ RGVA) belgelerden örneklerle mücadelenin bir de Sovyetlerin gözünden aktarılması hedeflenmiştir. Hareketin önemli liderlerinden İbrahim Bek’e ve halk tarafından mitleştirilmesine dair bilgiler, sadece Sovyet yönetiminin değil Kızıl Ordu askerlerinin Basmacılarla mücadeleye dair görüşleri, Basmacılık hareketine Türkistan halkının desteğinin askeri yazışmalara yansımaları, Basmacılıkla mücadele amacıyla gayrı Rus birliklerin teşkili ve bu süreçte karşılaşılan zorluklar, Sovyet yönetiminin harekete halk desteğini ortadan kaldırmak için din adamlarından nasıl istifade ettiği gibi konular bunlardan bazılarıdır.
El presente artículo busca repasar las relaciones de divergencia histórica entre la Fracción del Ejército Rojo (RAF) y otros colectivos de la izquierda radical germano occidental. Valiéndonos del ...enfoque procesual (Processual Approach) para el estudio de la violencia política, se plantea a modo de hipótesis que la interacción establecida entre el Estado Federal Alemán y la RAF fue decisiva para reelaborar los imaginarios del grupo armado y dotar de una significación concreta al uso de la violencia, estableciendo así los vínculos históricos entre la izquierda radical y esta agrupación terrorista.
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